Figure 1. Effect of naïve and PRL-1(+) cells on apoptosis in TAA-injured rat livers. The expression of inflammation and apoptosis markers in TAA-injured rat livers (a) IL-6, (b) TNF-α, (c) H&E; yellow arrows: apoptotic cells, (d,e) TUNEL assay, (f) LDH activity, (g) cleaved caspase 3. The expression of lipid metabolism markers in the TAA-injured rat model in the serum and via mRNA analysis (h) total cholesterol, (i) leptin, (j) HDL, (k) LDL, (l) PPARγ, (m) adiponectin, (n) adipsin, (o) FABP4, and (p) LPL. All experiments were repeated in duplicate to triplicate. * p < 0.05.

Figure 1. Effect of naïve and PRL-1(+) cells on apoptosis in TAA-injured rat livers. The expression of inflammation and apoptosis markers in TAA-injured rat livers (a) IL-6, (b) TNF-α, (c) H&E; yellow arrows: apoptotic cells, (d,e) TUNEL assay, (f) LDH activity, (g) cleaved caspase 3. The expression of lipid metabolism markers in the TAA-injured rat model in the serum and via mRNA analysis (h) total cholesterol, (i) leptin, (j) HDL, (k) LDL, (l) PPARγ, (m) adiponectin, (n) adipsin, (o) FABP4, and (p) LPL. All experiments were repeated in duplicate to triplicate. * p < 0.05.

Figure 2. Effects of naïve and PRL-1(+) DNA repair systems in TAA-injured rat livers. The expression of DNA damage and repair markers in TAA-injured rat livers by IHC, mRNA level and protein level. (a,b) 8-OHdG, (c) γH2AX, and (d) Ku70. All experiments were repeated in duplicate to triplicate. * p < 0.05.

Figure 2. Effects of naïve and PRL-1(+) DNA repair systems in TAA-injured rat livers. The expression of DNA damage and repair markers in TAA-injured rat livers by IHC, mRNA level and protein level. (a,b) 8-OHdG, (c) γH2AX, and (d) Ku70. All experiments were repeated in duplicate to triplicate. * p < 0.05.

Figure 3. Expression of ROS in naïve and PRL-1(+) transplanted rat livers. The expression of MitoSOX in TAA-injured rat liver (a) MitoSOX and Mitotracker, (b) MitoSOX intensity. The expression of ROS in TAA-injured rat liver by qRT–PCR, ELISA and Western blot (c) Nox4, (d) HO-1, (e) GPx, (f) Total antioxidant, (g) TBARS, (h) Glutathione, (i) HO-1, (j) SOD, (k) CAT. All experiments were repeated in duplicate to triplicate. * p < 0.05.

Figure 3. Expression of ROS in naïve and PRL-1(+) transplanted rat livers. The expression of MitoSOX in TAA-injured rat liver (a) MitoSOX and Mitotracker, (b) MitoSOX intensity. The expression of ROS in TAA-injured rat liver by qRT–PCR, ELISA and Western blot (c) Nox4, (d) HO-1, (e) GPx, (f) Total antioxidant, (g) TBARS, (h) Glutathione, (i) HO-1, (j) SOD, (k) CAT. All experiments were repeated in duplicate to triplicate. * p < 0.05.

Figure 4. Peroxiredoxin family in naïve and PRL-1(+) cell-transplanted rat livers. The expression of the peroxiredoxin family in TAA-injured rat liver by Western blot and IF (a) Prx1, (b) Prx2, (c) Prx3, (d) MitoSOX and Prx3, (e) Prx3 intensity, (f) Prx3 and MitoSOX graph. All experiments were repeated in duplicate to triplicate. * p < 0.05.

Figure 4. Peroxiredoxin family in naïve and PRL-1(+) cell-transplanted rat livers. The expression of the peroxiredoxin family in TAA-injured rat liver by Western blot and IF (a) Prx1, (b) Prx2, (c) Prx3, (d) MitoSOX and Prx3, (e) Prx3 intensity, (f) Prx3 and MitoSOX graph. All experiments were repeated in duplicate to triplicate. * p < 0.05.

Figure 5. Regulation of mitophagy in TAA-injured rat livers. The expression of mitophagy in TAA-injured rat livers measured by qRT–PCR and Western blot (a,c) PINK1, (b,d) PARKIN. Localization of PINK1 in TAA-injured rat livers demonstrated by IF (e,f). All experiments were repeated in duplicate to triplicate. * p < 0.05.

Figure 5. Regulation of mitophagy in TAA-injured rat livers. The expression of mitophagy in TAA-injured rat livers measured by qRT–PCR and Western blot (a,c) PINK1, (b,d) PARKIN. Localization of PINK1 in TAA-injured rat livers demonstrated by IF (e,f). All experiments were repeated in duplicate to triplicate. * p < 0.05.

Figure 6. Autophagy in TAA-injured rat liver. The expression of mitochondrial homeostasis in TAA-injured rat liver by gDNA and ELISA. (a) mtDNA copy number, (b) ATP production. The expression of mitochondrial fission and fusion markers in TAA-injured rat liver by qRT–PCR (c) Fis1, (d) Drp1, (e) OPA1, (f) mfn2. The expression of autophagy markers in TAA-injured rat liver by Western blot (g) PI3K class Ⅲ, (h) mTOR, (i) AMPKα, (j) Cyclin D1, (k) ATG7, (l) LC3B.All experiments were repeated in duplicate to triplicate. * p < 0.05.

Figure 6. Autophagy in TAA-injured rat liver. The expression of mitochondrial homeostasis in TAA-injured rat liver by gDNA and ELISA. (a) mtDNA copy number, (b) ATP production. The expression of mitochondrial fission and fusion markers in TAA-injured rat liver by qRT–PCR (c) Fis1, (d) Drp1, (e) OPA1, (f) mfn2. The expression of autophagy markers in TAA-injured rat liver by Western blot (g) PI3K class Ⅲ, (h) mTOR, (i) AMPKα, (j) Cyclin D1, (k) ATG7, (l) LC3B.All experiments were repeated in duplicate to triplicate. * p < 0.05.

Figure 7. Expression of antioxidants in TAA-treated WB-F344s. The expression of antioxidant markers in TAA-treated WB-F344s (a,b) MitoSOX, (c,d) Prx3, (e) 8-OHdG, (f) γH2AX, (g) PINK, and (h) PARKIN. All experiments were repeated in duplicate to triplicate. * p < 0.05.

Figure 7. Expression of antioxidants in TAA-treated WB-F344s. The expression of antioxidant markers in TAA-treated WB-F344s (a,b) MitoSOX, (c,d) Prx3, (e) 8-OHdG, (f) γH2AX, (g) PINK, and (h) PARKIN. All experiments were repeated in duplicate to triplicate. * p < 0.05.

Figure 8. Effects of naïve and PRL-1(+) cells on proliferation in TAA-injured rat livers. The expression of proliferation markers in TAA-injured rat livers (a,b) PCNA, (c,d) albumin. All experiments were repeated in duplicate to triplicate. * p < 0.05.

Figure 8. Effects of naïve and PRL-1(+) cells on proliferation in TAA-injured rat livers. The expression of proliferation markers in TAA-injured rat livers (a,b) PCNA, (c,d) albumin. All experiments were repeated in duplicate to triplicate. * p < 0.05.

Table 1. List of primers used for qRT—PCR analysis.

Table 1. List of primers used for qRT—PCR analysis.

GenePrimers (Rat)Tm (℃)NCBI Ref.qRT-PCRPPARγF: 5’-GACAGACCTCAGGCAGATTG-3’
R: 5’-GTCAGCGACTGGGACTTTTC-3’57NM_013124.3AdiponectinF: 5’-GACTGCCACTAATTCAGAGC-3’
R: 5’-CTCATGGGGATAACACTCAG-3’55NM_144744.3AdipsinF: 5’-CACGTACCATGATGGGGCAA-3’
R: 5’-TCGAGATCCCACGTAACCA-3’59NM_000102.4LPLF: 5’-ACAGGTGCAATTCCAAGGAAG-3’
R: 5’-CTTTCAGCCACTGTGCCATA-3’57M92059.1γH2AXF: 5’-TGGAAAGGGTCAGGGAACG-3’
R: 5’-GACTTGTGCTGGTATCTGGGTG-3’58NM_001109291.1PINKF: 5’-CATGGCTTTGGATGGAGAGT-3’
R: 5’-TGGGAGTTTGCTCTTCAAGG-3’56XM_032895606.1PARKINF: 5’-CTGGCAGTCATTCTGGACAC-3’
R:5’-CTCTCCACTCATCCGGTTTG-3’57XM_032894705.18-OHdGF: 5’-GGGCCCAAGCAGTGCTGTTC-3’
R: 5’-GATCCCTTTTTGCGCTTTTGC-3’61XM_034511266.1GAPDHF: 5’-CGAGATCCCTCCAAAATCAA-3’
R: 5’-TGTGGTCATGAGTCCTTCCA-3’55NM_001357943.2TaqManMitochondrial
D-loopF: 5’-GGTTCTTACTTCAGGGCCATCA-4’
R: 5’-GATTAGACCCGTTACCATCGAGAT-3’60EU194676.1 β-actinF: 5’-GGGATGTTTGCTCCAACCAA-3’
R: 5’-GCGCTTTTGACTCAAGGATTTAA-3’58XM_039089807.1mitochondrial
D-loop probeJOE-TTGGTTCATCGTCCATACGTTCCCCTTA-3’ β-actin probeFAM-CGGTCGCCTTCACCGTTCCAGTT-3’