Kupfer DJ, Foster FG. Interval between onset of sleep and rapid-eye-movement sleep as an indicator of depression. Lancet. 1972;2:684–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(72)92090-9.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Riemann D, Baglioni C, Bassetti C, Bjorvatn B, Dolenc Groselj L, Ellis JG, et al. European guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia. J Sleep Res. 2017;26(6):675–700. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12594.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ferini-Strambi L, Auer R, Bjorvatn B, Castronovo V, Franco O, Gabutti L, et al. Insomnia disorder: clinical and research challenges for the 21st century. Eur J Neurol. 2021;28(7):2156–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14784.

Article  Google Scholar 

Niethard N, Born J. Back to baseline: sleep recalibrates synapses. Nat Neurosci. 2019;22(2):149–51. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-018-0327-6.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problem. 11th ed. 2022. https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en. Accessed 25 Nov 2022.

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

Book  Google Scholar 

Ohayon MM. Epidemiology of insomnia: what we know and what we still need to learn. Sleep Med Rev. 2002;6(2):97–111. https://doi.org/10.1053/smrv.2002.0186.

Article  Google Scholar 

Roth T, Coulouvrat C, Hajak G, Lakoma MD, Sampson NA, Shahly V, et al. Prevalence and perceived health associated with insomnia based on DSM-IV-TR; international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, tenth revision; and research diagnostic criteria/international classification of sleep disorders, second edition criteria: results from the America Insomnia Survey. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;69(6):592–600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.10.023.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ustinov Y, Lichstein KL, Wal GS, Taylor DJ, Riedel BW, Bush AJ. Association between report of insomnia and daytime functioning. Sleep Med. 2010;11(1):65–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2009.07.009.

Article  Google Scholar 

Fullerton DS. The economic impact of insomnia in managed care: a clearer picture emerges. Am J Manag Care. 2006;12(8 Suppl.):S246–52.

Google Scholar 

Sateia MJ, Buysse DJ, Krystal AD, Neubauer DN, Heald JL. Clinical practice guideline for the pharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia in adults: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Sleep Med. 2017;13(2):307–49. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.6470.

Article  Google Scholar 

Carey TJ, Moul DE, Pilkonis P, Germain A, Buysse DJ. Focusing on the experience of insomnia. Behav Sleep Med. 2005;3(2):73–86. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15402010bsm0302_2.

Article  Google Scholar 

Laugsand LE, Strand LB, Vatten LJ, Janszky I, Bjørngaard JH. Insomnia symptoms and risk for unintentional fatal injuries: the HUNT Study. Sleep. 2014;37(11):1777–86. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.4170.

Article  Google Scholar 

Markham A. Daridorexant: first approval. Drugs. 2022;82(5):601–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-022-01699-y.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kyle SD, Morgan K, Espie CA. Insomnia and health-related quality of life. Sleep Med Rev. 2010;14(1):69–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2009.07.004.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wilson S, Anderson K, Baldwin D, Dijk D-J, Espie A, Espie C, et al. British Association for Psychopharmacology consensus statement on evidence-based treatment of insomnia, parasomnias and circadian rhythm disorders: an update. J Psychopharmacol. 2019;33:026988111985534. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881119855343.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hertenstein E, Feige B, Gmeiner T, Kienzler C, Spiegelhalder K, Johann A, et al. Insomnia as a predictor of mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2019;43:96–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2018.10.006.

Article  Google Scholar 

Schutte-Rodin S, Broch L, Buysse D, Dorsey C, Sateia M. Clinical guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic insomnia in adults. J Clin Sleep Med. 2008;4(5):487–504.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kunz D. Rethinking the use of hypnotics for treatment of insomnia in the elderly. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2021;22(8):953–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2021.1900116.

Article  Google Scholar 

Krystal AD, Prather AA, Ashbrook LH. The assessment and management of insomnia: an update. World Psychiatry. 2019;18(3):337–52. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20674.

Article  Google Scholar 

Neubauer DN, Pandi-Perumal SR, Spence DW, Buttoo K, Monti JM. Pharmacotherapy of insomnia. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179573518770672.

Article  Google Scholar 

Qaseem A, Kansagara D, Forciea MA, Cooke M, Denberg TD. Management of chronic insomnia disorder in adults: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2016;165(2):125–33. https://doi.org/10.7326/m15-2175.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kantor S, Mochizuki T, Janisiewicz AM, Clark E, Nishino S, Scammell TE. Orexin neurons are necessary for the circadian control of REM sleep. Sleep. 2009;32(9):1127–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/32.9.1127.

Article  Google Scholar 

Saper CB, Scammell TE, Lu J. Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms. Nature. 2005;437(7063):1257–63. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04284.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Scammell TE, Winrow CJ. Orexin receptors: pharmacology and therapeutic opportunities. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2011;51:243–66. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010510-100528.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gotter AL, Winrow CJ, Brunner J, Garson SL, Fox SV, Binns J, et al. The duration of sleep promoting efficacy by dual orexin receptor antagonists is dependent upon receptor occupancy threshold. BMC Neurosci. 2013;14:90. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-14-90.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Grafe LA, Bhatnagar S. Orexins and stress. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2018;51:132–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.06.003.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Levenson JC, Kay DB, Buysse DJ. The pathophysiology of insomnia. Chest. 2015;147(4):1179–92. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.14-1617.

Article  Google Scholar 

Janto K, Prichard JR, Pusalavidyasagar S. An update on dual orexin receptor antagonists and their potential role in insomnia therapeutics. J Clin Sleep Med. 2018;14(08):1399–408. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.7282.

Article  Google Scholar 

Griffin CE 3rd, Kaye AM, Bueno FR, Kaye AD. Benzodiazepine pharmacology and central nervous system-mediated effects. Ochsner J. 2013;13(2):214–23.

Google Scholar 

Wesensten NJ, Balkin TJ, Belenky GL. Effects of daytime administration of zolpidem and triazolam on performance. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1996;67(2):115–20.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Frey DJ, Ortega JD, Wiseman C, Farley CT, Wright KP Jr. Influence of zolpidem and sleep inertia on balance and cognition during nighttime awakening: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59(1):73–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03229.x.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wang PS, Bohn RL, Glynn RJ, Mogun H, Avorn J. Zolpidem use and hip fractures in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49(12):1685–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2001.49280.x.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Weaver MF. Prescription sedative misuse and abuse. Yale J Biol Med. 2015;88(3):247–56.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Asnis GM, Thomas M, Henderson MA. Pharmacotherapy treatment options for insomnia: a primer for clinicians. Int J Mol Sci. 2015. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17010050.

Article  Google Scholar 

Boss C, Gatfield J, Brotschi C, Heidmann B, Sifferlen T, von Raumer M, et al. The quest for the best dual orexin receptor antagonist (daridorexant) for the treatment of insomnia disorders. ChemMedChem. 2020;15:2286–305. https://doi.org/10.1002/cmdc.202000453.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Muehlan C, Boehler M, Brooks S, Zuiker R, van Gerven J, Dingemanse J. Clinical pharmacology of the dual orexin receptor antagonist ACT-541468 in elderly subjects: exploration of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and tolerability following single-dose morning and repeated-dose evening administration. J Psychopharmacol. 2020;34(3):326–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881119882854.

Article  Google Scholar 

Muehlan C, Brooks S, Zuiker R, van Gerven J, Dingemanse J. Multiple-dose clinical pharmacology of ACT-541468, a novel dual orexin receptor antagonist, following repeated-dose morning and evening administration. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2019;29(7):847–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.05.009.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mignot E, Mayleben D, Fietze I, Leger D, Zammit G, Bassetti CLA, et al. Safety and efficacy of daridorexant in patients with insomnia disorder: results from two multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials. Lancet Neurol. 2022;21(2):125–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00436-1.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hudgens S, Phillips-Beyer A, Newton L, Seboek Kinter D, Benes H. Development and validation of the Insomnia Daytime Symptoms and Impacts Questionnaire (IDSIQ). Patient. 2020;14:249–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40271-020-00474-z.

Article  Google Scholar 

Griffiths R, Johnson M. Relative abuse liability of hypnotic drugs: a conceptual framework and algorithm for differentiating among compounds. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(Suppl. 9):31–41.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Dauvilliers Y, Zammit G, Fietze I, Mayleben D, Seboek Kinter D, Pain S, et al. Daridorexant, a new dual orexin receptor antagonist to treat insomnia disorder. Ann Neurol. 2020;87(3):347–56. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.25680.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zammit G, Dauvilliers Y, Pain S, Sebok Kinter D, Mansour Y, Kunz D. Daridorexant, a new dual orexin receptor antagonist, in elderly subjects with insomnia disorder. Neurology. 2020;94:e2222–32. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000009475.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ufer M, Kelsh D, Schoedel KA, Dingemanse J. Abuse potential assessment of the new dual orexin receptor antagonist daridorexant in recreational sedative drug users as compared to suvorexant and zolpidem. Sleep. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab224.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ufer M, Steiner MA, Post A, Dingemanse J, Toeroek M, Giusepponi M, et al. W150. Assessment of the abuse potential of daridorexant, a new dual orexin receptor antagonist for the treatment of insomnia disorder: data from preclinical and clinical studies. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2020;45(1):354. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-020-00892-5.

Article  Google Scholar 

Morin CM, Colecchi C, Stone J, Sood R, Brink D. Behavioral and pharmacological therapies for late-life insomnia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1999;281(11):991–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.281.11.991.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Krystal AD, Walsh JK, Laska E, Caron J, Amato DA, Wessel TC, et al. Sustained efficacy of eszopiclone over 6 months of nightly treatment: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in adults with chronic insomnia. Sleep. 2003;26(7):793–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/26.7.793.