Bilski K, Kozikowski M, Skrzypczyk MA et al (2022) Negative prognostic factor in contemporary cohort of high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Cancers 14:6110

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bodhankar S, Wang C, Vandenbark AA, Offner H (2011) Estrogen-induced protection against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is abrogated in the absence of B cells. Eur J Immunol 41:1165–1175

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bodhankar S, Vandenbark AA, Offner H (2012) Oestrogen treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis requires 17β-oestradiol-receptor-positive B cells that up-regulate PD-1 on CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Immunology 137:282–293

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bono AV, Benvenuti C, Damiano G, Lovisolo J (1994) Results of transurethral resection and intravesical doxorubicin prophylaxis in patients with T1G3 bladder cancer. Urology 44:329–334

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burger M, Catto JWF, Dalbagni G, Grossmann HB, Herr H, Karakiewicz P et al (2013) Epidemiology and risk factors of urothelial bladder cancer. Eur Urol 63:234–241

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cárdenas-Turanzas M, Cooksley C, Pettaway CA, Sabichi A, Grossman HB, Elting L (2006) Comparative outcomes of bladder cancer. Obstet Gynecol 108:169–175

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen CH, Yang HJ, Shun CT, Huang CY, Huang KH, Yu HJ et al (2012) A cocktail regimen of intravesical mitomycin-C, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (MDP) for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Urol Oncol Sem Orig Invest 30:421–427

CAS  Google Scholar 

Chenard S, Jackson C, Vidotto T, Chen L, Hardy C, Jamaspishvilli T, Berman D, Siemens DR, Koti M (2021) Sexual dimorphism in outcomes of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a role of CD163+ macrophages, B cells, and PD-L1 immune checkpoint. Eur Urol Open Sci 29:50–58

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cochrane Germany, Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Freiburg, Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften- Institut für Medizinisches Wissensmanagement, Ärztliches Zentrum für Qualität in der Medizin. „Manual zur Bewertung des Biasrisikos in Interventionsstudien“. 2. Edition 2021. Cochrane Germany: https://www.cochrane.de/de/literaturbewertung: https://doi.org/10.6094/UNIFR/194900

Comperat E, Larre S, Roupret M, Neuzillet Y, Pignot G, Quintens H et al (2015) Clinicopathological characteristics of urothelial bladder cancer in patients less than 40 years old. Virchows Arch 466:589–594

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Danforth KN, Luong TQ, Yi DK, Yamamoto A, Kawatkar AA, Kim PH et al (2020) Disparities in stage at diagnosis in an equal-access integrated delivery system: a retrospective cohort study of 7244 patients with bladder cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer 18:e91–e102

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dobruch J, Daneshmand S, Fisch M, Lotan Y, Noon AP, Resnick MJ et al (2016) Gender and bladder cancer: a collaborative review of etiology, biology, and outcomes. Eur Urol 69:300–310

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

EAU guideline on Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer (TaT1 and CIS): https://d56bochluxqnz.cloudfront.net/documents/full-guideline/EAU-Guidelines-on-Non-muscle-Invasive-Bladder-Cancer-2024.pdf [Last Access: 04. October 2024]

Fadel J, Simonvan D, Fradet V et al (2022) Analysis of sex-based differences to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 40:539–539

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Guzman-Genuino RM, Diener KR (2017) Regulatory B cells in pregnancy: lessons from autoimmunity, graft tolerance, and cancer. Front Immunol 8:172

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hasan S, Lazarev S, Garg M, Mehta K, Press RH, Chhabra A et al (2022) Racial inequity and other social disparities in the diagnosis and management of bladder cancer. Cancer Med 12:640–650

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hurle R, Manzetti A, Losa A, Micheli E, Ranieri A, Chinaglia D et al (1998) Intravesical instillation of Mitomycin-C in 242 patients with superficial bladder cancer at high risk of recurrence: long-term results. Urol Int 61:220–226

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

International Agency for Research on Cancer. Estimated number of new cases in 2020, worldwide, both sexes, all ages. World Health Organization. 2021: https://gco.iarc.fr/today/online-analysistable?v=2020&mode=cancer&mode_population=continents&population=900&populations=900&key=asr&sex=0&cancer=39&type=0&statistic=5&prevalence=0&population_group=0&ages_group%5B%5D=0&ages_group%5B%5D=17&group_cancer=1&include_nmsc=1&include_nmsc_other=1 [Last Access: 04. October 2024]

Jones BG, Penkert RR, Xu B, Fan Y, Neale G, Gearhart PJ, Hurwitz JL (2016) Binding of estrogen receptors to switch sites and regulatory elements in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus of activated B cells suggests a direct influence of estrogen on antibody expression. Mol Immunol 77:97–102

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jones BG, Sealy RE, Penkert RR, Surman SL, Maul RW, Neale G, Xu B, Gearhart PJ, Hurwitz JL (2019) Complex sex-biased antibody responses: estrogen receptors bind estrogen response elements centered within immunoglobulin heavy chain gene enhancers. Int Immunol 31:141–156

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kato T, Nomura K, Kondo F, Wakisaka M, Komiya A (2015) Analysis of Japanese patients treated with or without long-term epirubicin plus Ara-C intravesical instillation therapy for low-grade superficial bladder cancer. Scie World J. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/325305

Article  Google Scholar 

Kluth LA, Fajkovic H, Xylinas E, Crivelli JJ, Passoni N, Rouprêt M et al (2013) Female gender is associated with higher risk of disease recurrence in patients with primary T1 high-grade urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. World J Urol 31:1029–1036

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Koga H, Kuroiwa K, Yamaguchi A, Osada Y, Tsuneyoshi M, Naito S (2004) A randomized controlled trial of short-term versus long-term prophylactic intravesical instillation chemotherapy for recurrence after transurethral resection of Ta/T1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 171:153–157

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kondo T, Onitsuka S, Ryoji O, Kihara T, Goto Y, Satoh T et al (1999) Analysis of prognostic factors related to primary superficial bladder cancer tumor recurrence in prophylactic intravesical epirubicin therapy. Int J Urol 6:178–183

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lobo N, Duan Z, Sood A, Zhao H, Lindskrog SV, Dyrskjot L et al (2024) Sex disparity in non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer: pitfalls of large population-based data sets and lessons from an integrated analysis. Eur Urol Oncol 23:S2588–S2598

Google Scholar 

Maeda T, Kikuchi E, Matsumoto K, Miyajima A, Oya M (2011) Urinary pH is highly associated with tumor recurrence during intravesical mitomycin C therapy for nonmuscle invasive bladder tumor. J Urol 185:802–806

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mallin K, David KA, Carroll PR, Milowsky MI, Nanus DM (2011) Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: racial and gender disparities in survival (1993 to 2002), stage and grade (1993 to 2007). J Urol 185:1631–1636

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Matsumura Y, Tsushima T, Ozaki Y, Yoshimoto J, Akagi T, Obama T et al (1986) Intravesical chemotherapy with 4’-epi-Adriamycin in patients with superficial bladder tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 16:176–177

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mitsumori K, Tsuchiya N, Habuchi T, Li Z, Akao T, Ohyama C et al (2004) Early and large-dose intravesical instillation of epirubicin to prevent superficial bladder carcinoma recurrence after transurethral resection. BJU Int 94:317–321

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Palou J, Sylvester RJ, Faba OR, Parada R, Peña JA, Algaba F et al (2012) Female gender and carcinoma in situ in the prostatic urethra are prognostic factors for recurrence, progression, and disease-specific mortality in T1G3 bladder cancer patients treated with bacillus Calmette-Guérin. Eur Urol 62:118–125

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Radciewicz C, Edgren G, Johansson ALV, Jahnson S, Häggström C, Okre O et al (2020) Sex differences in urothelial bladder cancer survival. Clin Genitourin Cancer 18:26-34.e6

Article  Google Scholar 

Sarvaria A, Madrigal JA, Saudemont A (2017) B cell regulation in cancer and anti-tumor immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 14:662–674

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schneidewind L, Kiss B, Kranz J, Zengerling F, Borkowetz A, Graf S, Graser A, Uhlig A (2024) Gender-specific differences in recurrence and progression following bacillus calmette-guérin instillation for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Urol Int. https://doi.org/10.1159/000542473

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar