Bellingham SA, Guo BB, Coleman BM, Hill AF (2012) Exosomes: vehicles for the transfer of toxic proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases? Front Physiol 3:124. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2012.00124

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Buckner CM, Calderon TM, Willams DW, Belbin TJ, Berman JW (2011) Characterization of monocyte maturation/differentiation that facilitates their transmigration across the blood–brain barrier and infection by HIV: Implications for NeuroAIDS. Cell Immunol 267(2):109–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.12.004

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Campbell JH, Hearps AC, Martin GE, Williams KC, Crowe SM (2014) The importance of monocytes and macrophages in HIV pathogenesis, treatment, and cure. AIDS 28(15):2175–2187. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000000408

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cantres-Rosario Y, Plaud-Valentín M, Gerena Y, Skolasky RL, Wojna V, Meléndez LM (2013) Cathepsin B and cystatin B in HIV-seropositive women are associated with infection and HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders. AIDS 27(3):347–356. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e32835b3e47

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cantres-Rosario YM, Wojna V, Ruiz R, Diaz B, Matos M, Rodriguez-Benitez RJ, Rodriguez E, Skolasky RL, Gerena Y (2022) Soluble insulin receptor levels in plasma, exosomes, and urine and its association with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Front Neurol 13:809956. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.809956

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chan G, Nogalski MT, Yurochko AD (2009) Activation of EGFR on monocytes is required for human cytomegalovirus entry and mediates cellular motility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(52):22369–74. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0908787106

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen L, Feng Z, Yue H, Bazdar D, Mbonye U, Zender C, Harding CV, Bruggeman L, Karn J, Sieg SF, Wang B, Jin G (2018) Exosomes derived from HIV-1-infected cells promote growth and progression of cancer via HIV TAR RNA. Nat Commun 9(1):4585. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07006-2

Chettimada S, Lorenz DR, Misra V, Dillon ST, Reeves RK, Manickam C, Morgello S, Kirk GD, Mehta SH, Gabuzda D (2018) Exosome markers associated with immune activation and oxidative stress in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy. Sci Rep 8(1):7227. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25515-4

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Eggers C, Arendt G, Hahn K, Husstedt IW, Maschke M, Neuen-Jacob E, Obermann M, Rosenkranz T, Schielke E, Straube E (2017) HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder: epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. J Neurol 264(8):1715–1727. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-017-8503-2

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fischer-Smith SCAT (2001) CNS invasion by CD14+/CD16+ peripheral blood-derived monocytes in HIV dementia: perivascular accumulation and reservoir of HIV infection. J Neurovirol 7(6):528–541. https://doi.org/10.1080/135502801753248114

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Freeman DW, Noren Hooten N, Eitan E, Green J, Mode NA, Bodogai M, Zhang Y, Lehrmann E, Zonderman AB, Biragyn A, Egan J, Becker KG, Mattson MP, Ejiogu N, Evans MK (2018) Altered extracellular vesicle concentration, cargo, and function in diabetes. Diabetes 67(11):2377–2388. https://doi.org/10.2337/db17-1308

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gannon P, Khan MZ, Kolson DL (2011) Current understanding of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders pathogenesis. Curr Opin Neurol 24(3):275–283. https://doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0b013e32834695fb

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gerena Y, Skolasky RL, Velez JM, Toro-Nieves D, Mayo R, Nath A, Wojna V (2012) Soluble and cell-associated insulin receptor dysfunction correlates with severity of HAND in HIV-infected women. PLoS ONE 7(5):e37358. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0037358

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gerena Y, Menéndez-Delmestre R, Skolasky RL, Hechavarria RM, Pérez S, Hilera C, González C, Nath A, Wojna V (2015) Soluble insulin receptor as a source of insulin resistance and cognitive impairment in HIV-seropositive women. J Neurovirol 21(2):113–119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-014-0310-2

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Heaton RK, Clifford DB, Franklin DR, Woods SP, Ake C, Vaida F, Ellis RJ, Letendre SL, Marcotte TD, Atkinson JH, Rivera-Mindt M, Vigil OR, Taylor MJ, Collier AC, Marra CM, Gelman BB, McArthur JC, Morgello S, Simpson DM, … Grant I (2010) HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders persist in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy. Neurology 75(23):2087–2096. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e318200d727

Kalluri R, LeBleu VS (2020) The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes. Science 367(6478):eaau6977. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau6977

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lamb DJ, Modjtahedi H, Plant NJ, Ferns GAA (2004) EGF mediates monocyte chemotaxis and macrophage proliferation and EGF receptor is expressed in atherosclerotic plaques. Atherosclerosis. 176(1):21–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.04.012

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Letendre SL, Ellis RJ, Ances BM, McCutchan JA (2010) Neurologic complications of HIV disease and their treatment. Topics in HIV Medicine 18(2):45–55

Li Q, Wang H, Peng H, Huyan T, Cacalano NA (2019) Exosomes: Versatile nano mediators of immune regulation. Cancers 11(10):1557. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11101557

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liner KJ, Ro MJ, Robertson KR (2010) HIV, Antiretroviral Therapies, and the Brain. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 7(2):85–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-010-0042-8

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McArthur JC, Steiner J, Sacktor N, Nath A (2010) Human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disorders: Mind the gap. Ann Neurol 67(6):699–714. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.22053

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McKelvey KJ, Powell KL, Ashton AW, Morris JM, McCracken SA (2015) Exosomes: mechanisms of uptake. J Circulating Biomarkers 4:7. https://doi.org/10.5772/61186

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mukherjee R, Kanti Barman P, Kumar Thatoi P, Tripathy R, Kumar Das B, Ravindran B (2015) Non-Classical monocytes display inflammatory features: Validation in Sepsis and Systemic Lupus Erythematous. Sci Rep 5(1):13886. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep13886

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ndhlovu LC, D’Antoni ML, Ananworanich J, Byron MM, Chalermchai T, Sithinamsuwan P, Tipsuk S, Ho E, Slike BM, Schuetz A, Zhang G, Agsalda-Garcia M, Shiramizu B, Shikuma CM, Valcour V (2015) Loss of CCR2 expressing non-classical monocytes are associated with cognitive impairment in antiretroviral therapy-naïve HIV-infected Thais. J Neuroimmunol 288:25–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.08.020

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ożańska A, Szymczak D, Rybka J (2020) Pattern of human monocyte subpopulations in health and disease. Scand J Immunol 92(1):e12883. https://doi.org/10.1111/sji.12883

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Patel AA, Zhang Y, Fullerton JN, Boelen L, Rongvaux A, Maini AA, Bigley V, Flavell RA, Gilroy DW, Asquith B, Macallan D, Yona S (2017) The fate and lifespan of human monocyte subsets in steady state and systemic inflammation. J Exp Med 214(7):1913–1923. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20170355

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pérez PS, Romaniuk MA, Duette GA, Zhao Z, Huang Y, Martin-Jaular L, Witwer KW, Théry C, Ostrowski M (2019) Extracellular vesicles and chronic inflammation during HIV infection. J Extracellular Vesicles 8(1):1687275. https://doi.org/10.1080/20013078.2019.1687275

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rao VR, Ruiz AP, Prasad VR (2014) Viral and cellular factors underlying neuropathogenesis in HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). AIDS Res Ther 11(1):13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-6405-11-13

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sacktor N, Skolasky RL, Seaberg E, Munro C, Becker JT, Martin E, Ragin A, Levine A, Miller E (2016) Prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Neurology 86(4):334–340. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000002277