These authors contributed equally: Joseph I. Bailey, Connor H. Puritz, Karolina J. Senkow.

These authors jointly supervised this work: G. R. Scott Budinger, Alexander V. Misharin, Marc A. Sala.

Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA

Joseph I. Bailey, Karolina J. Senkow, Nikolay S. Markov, Estefani Diaz, Zhan Yu, Suchitra Swaminathan, Ziyan Lu, Samuel Fenske, Rogan A. Grant, Hiam Abdala-Valencia, Ruben J. Mylvaganam, Amy Ludwig, Janet Miller, Ravi Kalhan, Manu Jain, Jacob I. Sznajder, Karen M. Ridge, G. R. Scott Budinger, Alexander V. Misharin & Marc A. Sala

Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

Connor H. Puritz & Rosemary Braun

NSF-Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

Connor H. Puritz & Rosemary Braun

Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA

Emmy Jonasson & Suchitra Swaminathan

Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

R. Ian Cumming & Robert M. Tighe

Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Ohio, IL, USA

Kymberly M. Gowdy

Division of Thoracic Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA

Ankit Bharat & Chitaru Kurihara

Simpson Querrey Lung Institute for Translational Science, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA

Ankit Bharat, Jacob I. Sznajder, Karen M. Ridge, G. R. Scott Budinger, Alexander V. Misharin & Marc A. Sala

Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Ruben San Jose Estepar & Raul San Jose Estepar

Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

George R. Washko

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA

Ali Shilatifard

Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA

Ali Shilatifard

Department of Molecular Biosciences, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

Rosemary Braun