Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, Pinkepank M, Ogurtsova K, Duncan BB, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;183: 109119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109119.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gilbert MP, Pratley RE. The impact of diabetes and diabetes medications on bone health. Endocr Rev. 2015;36(2):194–213.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu B, Fu Z, Wang X, Zhou P, Yang Q, Jiang Y, et al. A narrative review of diabetic bone disease: characteristics, pathogenesis, and treatment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:1052592. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.1052592.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee HS, Hwang JS. Impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus and antidiabetic medications on bone metabolism. Curr Diab Rep. 2020;20(12):78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-020-01361-5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang F, Zheng L, Theopold J, Schleifenbaum S, Heyde C-E, Osterhoff G. Methods for bone quality assessment in human bone tissue: a systematic review. J Orthop Surg Res. 2022;17(1):174. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-022-03041-4.

Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Greenblatt MB, Tsai JN, Wein MN. Bone turnover markers in the diagnosis and monitoring of metabolic bone disease. Clin Chem. 2017;63(2):464–74.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hong L, Liu D, Wu F, Wang M, Cen Y, Ma L. Correlation between bone turnover markers and bone mineral density in patients undergoing long-term anti-osteoporosis treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Appl Sci. 2020;10(3):832. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10030832.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rajabi M, Ostovar A, Sari AA, Sajjadi-Jazi SM, Mousavi A, Larijani B, et al. Health-related quality of life in osteoporosis patients with and without fractures in Tehran. Iran J Bone Metab. 2023;30:37–46. https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2023.30.1.37.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sohi YH, Golestani A, Panahi G, Tabatabaei-Malazy O, Khalagi K, Fahimfar N, et al. The association between anti-diabetic agents and osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and osteosarcopenia among Iranian older adults; Bushehr Elderly Health (BEH) program. Daru. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40199-023-00497-5.

Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tuominen JT, Impivaara O, Puukka P, Rönnemaa T. Bone mineral density in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1999;22(7):1196–200.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jackuliak P, Kužma M, Payer J. Effect of antidiabetic treatment on bone. Physiol Res. 2019;68(Suppl 2):S107–20. https://doi.org/10.33549/physiolres.934297.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kalaitzoglou E, Fowlkes JL, Popescu I, Thrailkill KM. Diabetes pharmacotherapy and effects on the musculoskeletal system. Diab/Metab Res Rev. 2019;35(2): e3100. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3100.

Article  Google Scholar 

Chaudhury A, Duvoor C, Reddy Dendi VS, Kraleti S, Chada A, Ravilla R, et al. Clinical review of antidiabetic drugs: implications for type 2 diabetes mellitus management. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2017;8:6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2017.00006.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dahlén AD, Dashi G, Maslov I, Attwood MM, Jonsson J, Trukhan V, et al. Trends in antidiabetic drug discovery: FDA approved drugs, new drugs in clinical trials and global sales. Front Pharmacol. 2022;12: 807548. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.807548.

Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yen FS, Hsu CC, Wei JCC, Hou MC, Hwu CM. Selection and warning of evidence-based antidiabetic medications for patients with chronic liver disease. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9: 839456. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.839456.

Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee DSU, Lee H. Adherence and persistence rates of major antidiabetic medications: a review. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2022;14(1):12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-022-00785-1.

Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang Y, Yu L, Ye Z, Lin R, Sun AR, Liu L, et al. Association of metformin use with fracture risk in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;13:1038603. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.1038603.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang LX, Wang GY, Su N, Ma J, Li YK. Effects of different doses of metformin on bone mineral density and bone metabolism in elderly male patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Clin Cases. 2020;8(18):4010–6.

Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McDonough AK, Rosenthal RS, Cao X, Saag KG. The effect of thiazolidinediones on BMD and osteoporosis. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2008;4(9):507–13.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lecka-Czernik B. Bone loss in diabetes: use of antidiabetic thiazolidinediones and secondary osteoporosis. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2010;8(4):178–84.

Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Qian BB, Chen Q, Li L, Yan CF. Association between combined treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors and metformin for type 2 diabetes mellitus on fracture risk: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Osteoporos Int. 2020;31(12):2313–20.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sun T, Yan T, Zhao Y, Chen A. Pioglitazone decreased bone mineral density and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Ther. 2020;27(6):e701–4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang J, Huang C, Wu SS, Xu Y, Cai T, Chai SB, et al. The effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors on bone fracture among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(12):e0187537. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187537.

Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tsai WH, Cheng KH, Cheng YT, Tsai MC, Kong SK, Chien MN, et al. Risk of fracture caused by anti-diabetic drugs in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a network meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;192: 110082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2022.110082.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372: n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71.

Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, Thuku M, Hamel C, Moran J, et al. AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. BMJ. 2017;358: j4008. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j4008.

Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Balshem H, Helfand M, Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Brozek J, et al. GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(4):401–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adil M, Ghosh P, Venkata SK, Raygude K, Gaba D, Kandhare AD, et al. Effect of anti-diabetic drugs on risk of fracture in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a network meta-analytic synthesis of randomized controlled trials of thiazolidinediones. Value Health. 2017;20(9):A526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2017.08.724.

Article  Google Scholar 

Arnott C, Fletcher RA, Neal B. Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, amputation risk, and fracture risk. Heart Fail Clin. 2022;18(4):645–54.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arnott C, Li Q, Kang A, Neuen BL, Bompoint S, Lam CSP, et al. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition for the prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(3): e014908. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.119.014908.