Bandiera L, Silva BC, Bilezikian JP (2022) Male osteoporosis. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2022;66(5):739–747. https://doi.org/10.20945/2359-3997000000563

Ashe MC, Santos IKD, Edward NY et al (2021) Physical Activity and Bone Health in Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Bone Metab. 2021;28(1):27–39. https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2021.28.1.27

Oh EG, Lee JE, Yoo JY (2012) A systematic review of the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions for improving bone health in women at high risk of osteoporosis. JBI Libr Syst Rev. 2012;10(30):1738–1784. https://doi.org/10.11124/01938924-201210300-00001

Defeudis G, Mazzilli R, Gianfrilli D et al (2018) The CATCH checklist to investigate adult-onset hypogonadism. Andrology. 2018;6(5):665–679. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.12506

Golds G, Houdek D, Arnason T (2017) Male Hypogonadism and Osteoporosis: The Effects, Clinical Consequences, and Treatment of Testosterone Deficiency in Bone Health. Int J Endocrinol 2017:4602129. doi:1155/2017/4602129

Facondo P, Delbarba A, Pezzaioli LC et al (2023) Osteoporosis in men with hypogonadism because of ApoA-I Leu75Pro amyloidosis under long-term testosterone therapy. Andrology. 2023;11(6):1077–1085. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.13376

Hiligsmann M, Ben Sedrine W, Bruyère O et al (2015) Cost-effectiveness of vitamin D and calcium supplementation in the treatment of elderly women and men with osteoporosis. Eur J Public Health. 2015;25(1):20– 5. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cku119

Fabiani R, Naldini G, Chiavarini M (2019) Dietary Patterns in Relation to Low Bone Mineral Density and Fracture Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr. 2019;10(2):219–236. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmy073

Adami S, Giannini S, Bianchi G et al (2009) Vitamin D status and response to treatment in post-menopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20(2):239– 44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-008-0650-y

SINU (2019) LARN– Livelli di assunzione di riferimento per la popolazione italiana: VITAMINE. https://sinu.it/2019/07/09/assunzione-raccomandata-per-la-popolazione-pri-e-assunzione-adeguata-ai/ Accessed 14 July 2024

Gregson CL, Armstrong DJ, Bowden J et al (2022) UK clinical guideline for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Arch Osteoporos. 2022;17(1):58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11657-022-01061-5. Erratum in: Arch Osteoporos. 2022;17(1):80. doi: 10.1007/s11657-022-01115-8

Bertoldo F, Cianferotti L, Di Monaco M, Falchetti A, Fassio A, Gatti D, Gennari L, Giannini S, Girasole G, Gonnelli S, Malavolta N, Minisola S, Pedrazzoni M, Rendina D, Rossini M, Chiodini I (2022) Definition, Assessment, and management of vitamin D inadequacy: suggestions, recommendations, and warnings from the Italian Society for Osteoporosis, Mineral Metabolism and Bone diseases (SIOMMMS). Nutrients 14(19):4148. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194148

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rossini M, Adami S, Bertoldo F et al (2016) Guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention and management of osteoporosis. Reumatismo. 2016;68(1):1–39. https://doi.org/10.4081/reumatismo.2016.870

Meier C, Nguyen TV, Handelsman DJ et al (2008) Endogenous sex hormones and incident fracture risk in older men: the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(1):47–54. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2007.2

Smith MR, Finkelstein JS, McGovern FJ et al (2002) Changes in body composition during androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. 2002;87(2):599–603. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.87.2.8299.J

Monson NR, Klair N, Patel U et al (2023) Association Between Vitamin D Deficiency and Testosterone Levels in Adult Males: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2023;15(9):e45856. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.45856

Ferlin A, Selice R, Carraro U, Foresta C (2013) Testicular function and bone metabolism–beyond testosterone. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2013;9(9):548– 54. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2013.135

Foresta C, Strapazzon G, De Toni L et al (2011) Bone mineral density and testicular failure: evidence for a role of vitamin D 25-hydroxylase in human testis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(4):E646-52. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-1628

Lee DM, Tajar A, Pye SR et al (2012) EMAS study group. Association of hypogonadism with vitamin D status: the European Male Ageing Study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012;166(1):77–85. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-11-0743

Pilz S, Frisch S, Koertke H et al (2011) Effect of vitamin D supplementation on testosterone levels in men. Horm Metab Res. 2011;43(3):223-5. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1269854

Lerchbaum E, Trummer C, Theiler-Schwetz V et al (2018) Effects of vitamin D supplementation on androgens in men with low testosterone levels: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Nutr. 2019;58(8):3135–3146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-018-1858-z

Gómez-Candela C, Palma Milla S, Miján-de-la-Torre A et al (2018) Consensus document about the nutritional evaluation and management of eating disorders: anorexia nervosa. Nutr Hosp. 2018;35(Spec No1):11–48. https://doi.org/10.20960/nh.1561

Mehler PS, Brown C (2015) Anorexia nervosa - medical complications. J Eat Disord. 2015;3:11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-015-0040-8

Iguacel I, Miguel-Berges ML, Gómez-Bruton A et al (2019) Veganism, vegetarianism, bone mineral density, and fracture risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 2019;77(1):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuy045

Myint MW, Wu J, Wong E et al (2013) Clinical benefits of oral nutritional supplementation for elderly hip fracture patients: a single blind randomised controlled trial. Age Ageing. 2013;42(1):39–45. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afs078

Santilli V, Bernetti A, Mangone M et al (2014) Clinical definition of sarcopenia. Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab. 2014;11(3):177– 80

Massari MC, Bimonte VM, Falcioni L et al (2023) Nutritional and physical activity issues in frailty syndrome during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2023;15:1759720X231152648. https://doi.org/10.1177/1759720X231152648

Kirk B, Zanker J, Duque G (2020) Osteosarcopenia: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment-facts and numbers. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2020;11(3):609–618. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12567

Yoo JI, Kim H, Ha YC et al (2018) Osteosarcopenia in Patients with Hip Fracture Is Related with High Mortality. J Korean Med Sci. 2018;33(4):e27. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e27

Scott D, Seibel M, Cumming R et al (2017) Sarcopenic Obesity and Its Temporal Associations With Changes in Bone Mineral Density, Incident Falls, and Fractures in Older Men: The Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project. J Bone Miner Res. 2017;32(3):575–583. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.3016

Bauer J, Biolo G, Cederholm T et al (2013) Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE Study Group. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(8):542– 59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2013.05.021

Mitchell A, Fall T, Melhus H et al (2021) Is the effect of Mediterranean diet on hip fracture mediated through type 2 diabetes mellitus and body mass index? Int J Epidemiol. 2021;50(1):234–244. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyaa239

Brinkworth GD, Wycherley TP, Noakes M et al (2016) Long-term effects of a very-low-carbohydrate weight-loss diet and an isocaloric low-fat diet on bone health in obese adults. Nutrition. 2016;32(9):1033-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2016.03.003

Hansen TH, Madsen MTB, Jørgensen NR et al (2018) Bone turnover, calcium homeostasis, and vitamin D status in Danish vegans. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2018;72(7):1046–1054. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-017-0081-y

Manta CP, Leibing T, Friedrich et al (2022) Targeting of Scavenger Receptors Stabilin-1 and Stabilin-2 Ameliorates Atherosclerosis by a Plasma Proteome Switch Mediating Monocyte/Macrophage Suppression. Circulation. 2022;146(23):1783–1799. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.058615

Zhai XL, Tan MY, Wang GP et al (2023) The association between dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet and bone mineral density in US adults: evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011–2018). Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):23043. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-50423-7

Sakuma M, Endo N (2012) Space flight/bedrest immobilization and Bone. Exercise training for osteoporosis. Clin Calcium. 2012;22(12):1903-7

Allison SJ, Folland JP, Rennie WJ et al (2013) High impact exercise increased femoral neck bone mineral density in older men: a randomised unilateral intervention. Bone. 2013;53(2):321-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2012.12.045

Beck BR, Snow CM (2003) Bone health across the lifespan–exercising our options. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2003;31(3):117– 22. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003677-200307000-00003

Caspersen CJ, Powell KE, Christenson GM (1985) Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Rep. 1985 Mar-Apr; 100(2):126– 31

Hamilton BR, Staines KA, Kelley GA et al (2021) The Effects of Exercise on Bone Mineral Density in Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Calcif Tissue Int. 2022;110(1):41–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-021-00893-6

Mages M, Shojaa M, Kohl M et al (2021) Exercise Effects on Bone Mineral Density in Men. Nutrients. 2021;13(12):4244. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124244

Hong AR, Kim SW (2018) Effects of Resistance Exercise on Bone Health. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 33(4):435–444. https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2018.33.4.435

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kukuljan S, Nowson CA, Bass SL et al (2009) Effects of a multi-component exercise program and calcium-vitamin-D3-fortified milk on bone mineral density in older men: a randomised controlled trial. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20(7):1241-51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-008-0776-y

Gianoudis J, Bailey CA, Ebeling PR et al (2014) Effects of a targeted multimodal exercise program incorporating high-speed power training on falls and fracture risk factors in older adults: a community-based randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2014;29(1):182– 91. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.2014

Harding AT, Weeks BK, Watson SL et al (2017) The LIFTMOR-M (Lifting Intervention For Training Muscle and Osteoporosis Rehabilitation for Men) trial: protocol for a semirandomised controlled trial of supervised targeted exercise to reduce risk of osteoporotic fracture in older men with low bone mass. BMJ Open. 2017;7(6):e014951. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014951

Kemmler W, Kohl M, Jakob F et al (2020) Effects of High Intensity Dynamic Resistance Exercise and Whey Protein Supplements on Osteosarcopenia in Older Men with Low Bone and Muscle Mass. Final Results of the Randomized Controlled FrOST Study. Nutrients. 2020;12(8):2341. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082341

Harding AT, Weeks BK, Lambert C et al (2020) A Comparison of Bone-Targeted Exercise Strategies to Reduce Fracture Risk in Middle-Aged and Older Men with Osteopenia and Osteoporosis: LIFTMOR-M Semi-Randomized Controlled Trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2020;35(8):1404–1414. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.4008

de Kam D, Smulders E, Weerdesteyn V et al (2009) Exercise interventions to reduce fall-related fractures and their risk factors in individuals with low bone density: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20(12):2111-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-009-0938-6

Wei F, Hu Z, He R et al (2023) Effects of balance training on balance and fall efficacy in patients with Osteoporosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis. J Rehabil Med. 2023;55:jrm00390. https://doi.org/10.2340/jrm.v55.4529

Konak HE, Kibar S, Ergin ES (2016) The effect of single-task and dual-task balance exercise programs on balance performance in adults with osteoporosis: a randomized controlled preliminary trial. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(11):3271–3278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-016-3644-1

Gómez-Bruton A, Gónzalez-Agüero A, Gómez-Cabello A et al (2013) Is bone tissue really affected by swimming? A systematic review. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e70119. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070119

Benedetti MG, Furlini G, Zati A, Letizia Mauro G (2018) The Effectiveness of Physical Exercise on Bone Density in Osteoporotic Patients. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:4840531. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4840531

Beck BR, Daly RM, Singh MAF et al (2017) Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA) position statement on exercise prescription for the prevention and management of osteoporosis. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2017;20(5):438–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2016.10.001

Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA, Hymer WC et al (2020) Growth Hormone(s), Testosterone, Insulin-Like Growth Factors, and Cortisol: Roles and Integration for Cellular Development and Growth With Exercise. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:33. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00033

Corona G, Vena W, Pizzocaro A et al (2022) Testosterone supplementation and bone parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis study. J Endocrinol Invest. 2022;45(5):911–926. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-021-01702-5

Aversa A, Bruzziches R, Francomano D, Greco EA, Fornari R, Di Luigi L, Lenzi A, Migliaccio S (2012) Effects of long-acting testosterone undecanoate on bone mineral density in middle-aged men with late-onset hypogonadism and metabolic syndrome: results from a 36 months controlled study. Aging Male 15(2):96–102. 10.3109/ 13685538.2011.631230

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Snyder PJ, Bauer DC, Ellenberg SS et al (2024) Testosterone Treatment and Fractures in Men with Hypogonadism. N Engl J Med. 2024;390(3):203–211. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2308836

Iolascon G, Liguori S, Paoletta M et al (2023) Anti-sclerostin antibodies: a new frontier in fragility fractures treatment. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2023;15:1759720X231197094. https://doi.org/10.1177/1759720X231197094