Rubiano AM, Carney N, Chesnut R, Puyana JC. Global neurotrauma research challenges and opportunities. Nature. 2015;527(7578):S193–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dewan MC, Rattani A, Gupta S, et al. Estimating the global incidence of traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg. 2018;130(4):1080–97.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

TBI Data | Concussion | Traumatic Brain Injury | CDC Injury Center [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Dec 22];Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/data/index.html

Bonds B, Dhanda A, Wade C, Diaz C, Massetti J, Stein DM. Prognostication of mortality and long-term functional outcomes following traumatic brain injury: can we do better? J Neurotrauma. 2021;38(8):1168–76.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moore NA, Brennan PM, Baillie JK. Wide variation and systematic bias in expert clinicians’ perceptions of prognosis following brain injury. Br J Neurosurg. 2013;27(3):340–3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pokrzywa CJ, Tannir AHA, Sparapani R, et al. The variation of withdrawal of life sustaining therapy in older adults with traumatic brain injury. J Surg Res. 2023;291:34–42.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Izzy S, Compton R, Carandang R, Hall W, Muehlschlegel S. Self-fulfilling prophecies through withdrawal of care: do they exist in traumatic brain injury, too? Neurocrit Care. 2013;19(3):347–63.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Veen E, van der Jagt M, Citerio G, et al. End-of-life practices in traumatic brain injury patients: report of a questionnaire from the CENTER-TBI study. J Crit Care. 2020;58:78–88.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Feinberg M, Mai JC, Ecklund J. Neurosurgical management in traumatic brain injury. Semin Neurol. 2015;35:050–6.

Article  Google Scholar 

Shlobin NA, Garcia RM, Bernstein M. Neuropalliative care for the neurosurgeon: a primer. J Neurosurg. 2021;137(3):850–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Radbruch L, De Lima L, Knaul F, et al. Redefining palliative care—a new consensus-based definition. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2020;60(4):754–64.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mosenthal AC. Dying of traumatic brain injury—palliative care too soon, or too late? JAMA Surg. 2020;155(8):731.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tran LN, Back AL, Creutzfeldt CJ. Palliative care consultations in the neuro-ICU: a qualitative study. Neurocrit Care. 2016;25(2):266–72.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pottash M, McCamey D, Groninger H, Aulisi EF, Chang JJ. Palliative care consultation and effect on length of stay in a tertiary-level neurological intensive care unit. Palliative Medicine Reports. 2020;1(1):161–5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Enumah S, Lilley EJ, Nitzschke S, Haider AH, Salim A, Cooper Z. Increased hospice enrollment and decreased neurosurgical interventions without changes in mortality for older Medicare patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Am J Surgery. 2018;215(6):1016–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wu A, Zhou J, Quinlan N, Dirlikov B, Singh H. Early palliative care consultation offsets hospitalization duration and costs for elderly patients with traumatic brain injuries: Insights from a Level 1 trauma center. J Clin Neurosci. 2023;108:1–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wycech J, Fokin AA, Katz JK, et al. Reduction in potentially inappropriate interventions in trauma patients following a palliative care consultation. J Palliat Med. 2021;24(5):705–11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dolmans RGF, Robertson FC, Eijkholt M, van Vliet P, Broekman MLD. Palliative care in severe neurotrauma patients in the intensive care unit. Neurocrit Care. 2023;39(3):557–64.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Williamson TL, Adil SM, Shalita C, et al. Palliative care consultations in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: who receives palliative care consultations and what does that mean for utilization? Neurocrit Care. 2022;36(3):781–90.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Starr LT, Ulrich CM, Junker P, Huang L, O’Connor NR, Meghani SH. Patient risk factor profiles associated with the timing of goals-of-care consultation before death: a classification and regression tree analysis. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2020;37(10):767–78.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kross EK, Engelberg RA, Downey L, et al. Differences in end-of-life care in the ICU across patients cared for by medicine, surgery, neurology, and neurosurgery physicians. Chest. 2014;145(2):313–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McCrea MA, Giacino JT, Barber J, et al. Functional outcomes over the first year after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury in the prospective. Longitudinal TRACK-TBI Study JAMA Neurology. 2021;78(8):982–92.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

DeMario BS, Stanley SP, Truong EI, et al. Predictors for withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies in patients with traumatic brain injury: a retrospective trauma quality improvement program database study. Neurosurgery. 2022;91(2):e45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Williamson T, Ryser MD, Ubel PA, et al. Withdrawal of life-supporting treatment in severe traumatic brain injury. JAMA Surg. 2020;155(8):723–31.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kennedy E, Ozmen M, Bouldin ED, et al. Phenotyping depression after mild traumatic brain injury: evaluating the impact of multiple injury, gender, and injury context. J Neurotrauma. 2024;41(7–8):924–33.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Folweiler KA, Sandsmark DK, Diaz-Arrastia R, Cohen AS, Masino AJ. Unsupervised machine learning reveals novel traumatic brain injury patient phenotypes with distinct acute injury profiles and long-term outcomes. J Neurotrauma. 2020;37(12):1431–44.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Åkerlund CAI, Holst A, Stocchetti N, et al. Clustering identifies endotypes of traumatic brain injury in an intensive care cohort: a CENTER-TBI study. Crit Care. 2022;26(1):228.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pugh MJ, Kennedy E, Prager EM, et al. Phenotyping the spectrum of traumatic brain injury: a review and pathway to standardization. J Neurotrauma. 2021;38(23):3222–34.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. BMJ. 2007;335(7624):806–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Cheng K, Bassil R, Carandang R, Hall W, Muehlschlegel S. The estimated verbal GCS subscore in intubated traumatic brain injury patients: is it really better? J Neurotrauma. 2017;34(8):1603–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zuercher P, Groen JL, Aries MJH, et al. Reliability and validity of the therapy intensity level scale: analysis of clinimetric properties of a novel approach to assess management of intracranial pressure in traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2016;33(19):1768–74.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li L. Dimension Reduction for High-Dimensional Data [Internet]. In: Bang H, Zhou XK, van Epps HL, Mazumdar M, editors. Statistical Methods in Molecular Biology. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2010.

Google Scholar 

Tibshirani R, Walther G, Hastie T. Estimating the number of clusters in a data set via the gap statistic. J R Stat Soc Ser B Stat Methodol. 2001;63(2):411–23.

Article  Google Scholar 

Shwartz-Ziv R, Armon A. Tabular Data: Deep Learning is Not All You Need [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2024 Feb 22]; Available from: http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.03253

Moss L, Corsar D, Shaw M, Piper I, Hawthorne C. Demystifying the black box: the importance of interpretability of predictive models in neurocritical care. Neurocrit Care. 2022;37(2):185–91.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tran A, Saigle V, Manhas N, et al. Association of age with death and withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy after severe traumatic brain injury. Can J Surg. 2023;66(4):E348–55.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central