Devinsky O, Vezzani A, O’Brien TJ, Jette N, Scheffer IE, de Curtis M, et al. Epilepsy. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4:18024. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2018.24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang Y, Chen Z. An update for epilepsy research and antiepileptic drug development: toward precise circuit therapy. Pharmacol Ther. 2019;201:77–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.05.010.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thijs RD, Surges R, O’Brien TJ, Sander JW. Epilepsy in adults. Lancet (London, England). 2019;393(10172):689–701. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32596-0.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jacoby A, Snape D, Baker GA. Determinants of quality of life in people with epilepsy. Neurol Clin. 2009;27(4):843–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2009.06.003.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bruce M, Griffiths C, Brock A, Majeed A. Trends in mortality and hospital admissions associated with epilepsy in England and Wales during the 1990s. Health Stat Q. 2004;21:23–9.

Google Scholar 

Noble AJ, Goldstein LH, Seed P, Glucksman E, Ridsdale L. Characteristics of people with epilepsy who attend emergency departments: prospective study of metropolitan hospital attendees. Epilepsia. 2012;53(10):1820–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03586.x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moran NF, Poole K, Bell G, Solomon J, Kendall S, McCarthy M, et al. Epilepsy in the United Kingdom: seizure frequency and severity, anti-epileptic drug utilization and impact on life in 1652 people with epilepsy. Seizure. 2004;13(6):425–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2003.10.002.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Loscher W. Critical review of current animal models of seizures and epilepsy used in the discovery and development of new antiepileptic drugs. Seizure. 2011;20(5):359–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2011.01.003.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cryan JF, Dinan TG. Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012;13(10):701–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3346.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jiang C, Li G, Huang P, Liu Z, Zhao B. The gut microbiota and Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;58(1):1–15. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-161141.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sharma V, Sankhyan A, Varshney A, Choudhary R, Sharma AK. Current paradigms to explore the gut microbiota linkage to neurological disorders. Neurology. 2020;8(1):68–79.

Google Scholar 

Dahlin M, Prast-Nielsen S. The gut microbiome and epilepsy. EBioMedicine. 2019;44:741–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.05.024.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schachter SC. Botanicals and herbs: a traditional approach to treating epilepsy. Neurotherapeutics. 2009;6(2):415–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurt.2008.12.004.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu W, Ge T, Pan Z, Leng Y, Lv J, Li B. The effects of herbal medicine on epilepsy. Oncotarget. 2017;8(29):48385–97. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.16801.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sharma VR, Singh M, Kumar V, Yadav M, Sehrawat N, Sharma DK, et al. Microbiome dysbiosis in cancer: exploring therapeutic strategies to counter the disease. Semin Cancer Biol. 2021;70:61–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.07.006.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sehrawat N, Yadav M, Singh M, Kumar V, Sharma VR, Sharma AK. Probiotics in microbiome ecological balance providing a therapeutic window against cancer. Semin Cancer Biol. 2021;70:24–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.06.009.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gastaut H. Clinical and electroencephalographical classification of epileptic seizures. Epilepsia. 1970;11(1):102–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1970.tb03871.x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gospe SM Jr. Neonatal vitamin-responsive epileptic encephalopathies. Chang Gung Med J. 2010;33(1):1–12.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Applegarth DA, Toone JR. Glycine encephalopathy (nonketotic hyperglycinaemia): review and update. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2004;27(3):417–22. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:boli.0000031222.38328.59.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haberlandt E, Canestrini C, Brunner-Krainz M, Moslinger D, Mussner K, Plecko B, et al. Epilepsy in patients with propionic acidemia. Neuropediatrics. 2009;40(3):120–5. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1243167.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cree LM, Samuels DC, Chinnery PF. The inheritance of pathogenic mitochondrial DNA mutations. Biochem Biophys Acta. 2009;1792(12):1097–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.03.002.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Friedman SD, Shaw DW, Ishak G, Gropman AL, Saneto RP. The use of neuroimaging in the diagnosis of mitochondrial disease. Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2010;16(2):129–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/ddrr.103.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tassi L, Meroni A, Deleo F, Villani F, Mai R, Russo GL, et al. Temporal lobe epilepsy: neuropathological and clinical correlations in 243 surgically treated patients. Epileptic Disord. 2009;11(4):281–92. https://doi.org/10.1684/epd.2009.0279.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wieser HG. Epilepsy ICoNo. ILAE Commission Report. Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Epilepsia. 2004;45(6):695–714. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.09004.x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Al Sufiani F, Ang LC. Neuropathology of temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res Treat. 2012;2012: 624519. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/624519.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thom M, Eriksson S, Martinian L, Caboclo LO, McEvoy AW, Duncan JS, et al. Temporal lobe sclerosis associated with hippocampal sclerosis in temporal lobe epilepsy: neuropathological features. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2009;68(8):928–38. https://doi.org/10.1097/NEN.0b013e3181b05d67.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li LM, Cendes F, Andermann F, Watson C, Fish DR, Cook MJ, et al. Surgical outcome in patients with epilepsy and dual pathology. Brain. 1999;122(5):799–805. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/122.5.799.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Blumcke I, Vinters HV, Armstrong D, Aronica E, Thom M, Spreafico R. Malformations of cortical development and epilepsies: neuropathological findings with emphasis on focal cortical dysplasia. Epileptic Disord. 2009;11(3):181–93. https://doi.org/10.1684/epd.2009.0261.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Palmini A, Najm I, Avanzini G, Babb T, Guerrini R, Foldvary-Schaefer N, et al. Terminology and classification of the cortical dysplasias. Neurology. 2004;62:S2-8. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000114507.30388.7e.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Blumcke I, Thom M, Aronica E, Armstrong DD, Vinters HV, Palmini A, et al. The clinicopathologic spectrum of focal cortical dysplasias: a consensus classification proposed by an ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE Diagnostic Methods Commission. Epilepsia. 2011;52(1):158–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02777.x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thom M, Sisodiya S, Harkness W, Scaravilli F. Microdysgenesis in temporal lobe epilepsy. A quantitative and immunohistochemical study of white matter neurones. Brain. 2001;124(Pt 11):2299–309. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/124.11.2299.

Article  CAS