NHS Commissioning (2019) Sarcoma Services (all ages). https://www.england.nhs.uk/commissioning/publication/sarcoma-services-all-ages/. Accessed 21st October 2024

Gerrand C, Athanasou N, Brennan B, Grimer R, Judson I, Morland B, et al. UK guidelines for the management of bone sarcomas. Clin Sarcoma Res. 2016;6:1–21.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sybil Biermann J, Hirbe A, Chow W, Bernthal NM, Boles S, Brigman B, et al (2021) NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines In Oncology. Bone Cancer. Version 2.2022. https://www.nccn.org.

Strauss SJ, Frezza AM, Abecassis N, Bajpai J, Bauer S, Biagini R, et al. Bone sarcomas: ESMO–EURACAN–GENTURIS–ERN PaedCan Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2021;32:1520–36.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Sarcoma Quality Standard QS78. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/qs78. Accessed 21st October 2024.

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2015) Suspected cancer: recognition and referral. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng12. Accessed 21st October 2024

Gatta G, Capocaccia R, Botta L, Comber H, Leinonen MK, van der Zwan JM, et al. Burden and centralised treatment in Europe of rare tumours: results of RARECAREnet—a population-based study. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18:1022–39.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Botta L, Gatta G, Capocaccia R, Stiller C, Cañete A, Dal Maso L, et al. Long-term survival and cure fraction estimates for childhood cancer in Europe (EUROCARE-6): results from a population-based study. Lancet Oncol. 2022;23:1525–36.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Whelan J, McTiernan A, Cooper N, Wong YK, Francis M, Vernon S, et al. Incidence and survival of malignant bone sarcomas in England 1979-2007. Int J Cancer. 2012;131:E508–E517.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stiller CA, Botta L, Brewster DH, Ho VKY, Frezza AM, Whelan J, et al. Survival of adults with cancers of bone or soft tissue in Europe—Report from the EUROCARE-5 study. Cancer Epidemiol. 2018;56:146–53.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service. Get Data Out - Sarcoma. https://www.cancerdata.nhs.uk/getdataout/sarcoma. Accessed 21st October 2024

Lai X, Chen S. Identification of novel biomarker candidates for immunohistochemical diagnosis to distinguish low-grade chondrosarcoma from enchondroma. Proteomics. 2015;15:2358–68.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Verdegaal SHM, Bovee JVMG, Pansuriya TC, Grimer RJ, Ozger H, Jutte PC, et al. Incidence, Predictive Factors, and Prognosis of Chondrosarcoma in Patients with Ollier Disease and Maffucci Syndrome: An International Multicenter Study of 161 Patients. Oncologist. 2011;16:1771–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Eefting D, Schrage YM, Geirnaerdt MJA, Le Cessie S, Taminiau AHM, Bovée JVMG, et al. Assessment of interobserver variability and histologic parameters to improve reliability in classification and grading of central cartilaginous tumors. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33:50–57.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gelderblom H, Hogendoorn PCWW, Dijkstra SD, van Rijswijk CS, Krol AD, Taminiau AHMM, et al. The clinical approach towards chondrosarcoma. Oncologist. 2008;13:320–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Riedel RF, Larrier N, Dodd L, Kirsch D, Martinez S, Brigman BE. The Clinical Management of Chondrosarcoma. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2009;10:94–106.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cole S, Gianferante DM, Zhu B, Mirabello L. Osteosarcoma: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program‐based analysis from 1975 to 2017. Cancer. 2022;128:2107–18.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gianferante DM, Mirabello L, Savage SA. Germline and somatic genetics of osteosarcoma — connecting aetiology, biology and therapy. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13:480–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

WHO Editorial Board. WHO classification of bone tumours. In WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board. Soft tissue and bone tumours. Bovee J, Flanagan AM, Lazar AJ, Nielsen GP and Yoshida A (eds) pp 338. International Agency for Research on Cancer (2020)

Palmerini E, Gambarotti M, Italiano A, Nathenson MJ, Ratan R, Dileo P, et al. A global collaboRAtive study of CIC-rearranged, BCOR::CCNB3-rearranged and other ultra-rare unclassified undifferentiated small round cell sarcomas (GRACefUl). Eur J Cancer. 2023;183:11–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brahmi M, Gaspar N, Gantzer J, Toulmonde M, Boudou‐Rouquette P, Bompas E, et al. Patterns of care and outcome of CIC‐rearranged sarcoma patients: A nationwide study of the French sarcoma group. Cancer Med. 2023;12:7801–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kobayashi H, Zhang L, Hirai T, Tsuda Y, Ikegami M, Tanaka S. Clinical characteristics of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma of bone and the impact of adjuvant chemotherapy on the affected patients: a population-based cohort study. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2022;52:589–98.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tirabosco R, Mangham DC, Rosenberg AE, Vujovic S, Bousdras K, Pizzolitto S, et al. Brachyury expression in extra-axial skeletal and soft tissue chordomas: a marker that distinguishes chordoma from mixed tumor/myoepithelioma/parachordoma in soft tissue. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008;32:572–80.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stacchiotti S, Sommer J, Ares C, Blay JY, Bolle S, Boriani S, et al. Building a global consensus approach to chordoma: a position paper from the medical and patient community. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:71–83.

Article  Google Scholar 

Aytekin MN, Öztürk R, Amer K. Epidemiological Study of Adamantinoma from US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program: III Retrospective Analysis. J Oncol. 2020;2020:2809647–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Roque P, Mankin HJ, Rosenberg A. Adamantinoma: an unusual bone tumour. Chir Organ Mov. 2008;92:149–54.

Article  Google Scholar 

Liede A, Hernandez RK, Tang E, Li C, Bennett B, Wong SS, et al. Epidemiology of benign giant cell tumor of bone in the Chinese population. J Bone Oncol. 2018;12:96–100.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chan C, Adler Z, Reith J, Gibbs C. Risk Factors for Pulmonary Metastases from Giant Cell Tumor of Bone. J Bone Jt Surg Am. 2015;97:420–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wang J, Liu X, Yang Y, Yang R, Tang X, Yan T, et al. Pulmonary metastasis of giant cell tumour: a retrospective study of three hundred and ten cases. Int Orthop (SICOT). 2021;45:769–78.

Article  Google Scholar 

Palmerini E, Picci P, Reichardt P, Downey G. Malignancy in Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: A Review of the Literature. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2019;18:1533033819840000. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533033819840000

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Behjati S, Tarpey PS, Presneau N, Scheipl S, Pillay N, Van Loo P, et al. Distinct H3F3A and H3F3B driver mutations define chondroblastoma and giant cell tumor of bone. Nat Genet 2013;45:1479–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sbaraglia M, Righi A, Gambarotti M, Vanel D, Picci P, Dei Tos AP. Soft Tissue Tumors Rarely Presenting Primary in Bone; Diagnostic Pitfalls. Surg Pathol Clin. 2017;10:705–30.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pakos EE, Grimer RJ, Peake D, Spooner D, Carter SR, Tillman RM, et al. The ‘other’ bone sarcomas: prognostic factors and outcomes of spindle cell sarcomas of bone. J Bone Jt Surg Br. 2011;93:1271–8.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Koo MM, Lyratzopoulos G, Herbert A, Abel GA, Taylor RM, Barber JA, et al. Association of Self-reported Presenting Symptoms With Timeliness of Help-Seeking Among Adolescents and Young Adults With Cancer in the BRIGHTLIGHT Study. JAMA Netw Open. 3. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMANETWORKOPEN.2020.15437 (2020)

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Guidance on cancer services - improving outcomes for people with sarcoma - the manual. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/csg9. (2006). Accessed 21 October 2024.

Mankin HJ, Mankin CJ, Simon M. The Hazards of the Biopsy, Revisited. For the Members of the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society. J Bone Jt Surg Am. 1996;78:656–63.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

NHS Scotland. Scottish Referral Guidelines for Suspected Cancer - Sarcomas and bone cancers (2019). https://www.cancerreferral.scot.nhs.uk/sarcomas-and-bone-cancers/ Accessed 21st October 2024

Fairbairn J, Green R, Saifuddin A Recommendations for cross-sectional imaging in cancer management, Second edition. Musculoskeletal tumours. Faculty of Clinical Radiology (2014).

Annovazzi A, Ferraresi V, Anelli V, Covello R, Vari S, Zoccali C, et al. [18F]FDG PET/CT quantitative parameters for the prediction of histological response to induction chemotherapy and clinical outcome in patients with localised bone and soft-tissue Ewing sarcoma. Eur Radio. 2021;31:7012–21.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Quartuccio N, Fox J, Kuk D, Wexler LH, Baldari S, Cistaro A, et al. Pediatric bone sarcoma: diagnostic performance of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT versus conventional imaging for initial staging and follow-up. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2015;204:153–60.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aryal A, Kumar VS, Shamim SA, Gamanagatti S, Khan SA. What Is the Comparative Ability of 18F-FDG PET/CT, 99mTc-MDP Skeletal Scintigraphy, and Whole-body MRI as a Staging Investigation to Detect Skeletal Metastases in Patients with Osteosarcoma and Ewing Sarcoma? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2021;479:1768–79.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central