Dorward DA, Russell CD, Um IH, Elshani M, Armstrong SD, Penrice-Randal R, Millar T, Lerpiniere CEB, Tagliavini G, Hartley CS, et al. Tissue-Specific Immunopathology in Fatal COVID-19. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021;203:192–201.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang B, Xiang H, Cheng Z, Xiong Y, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan. China JAMA. 2020;323:1061–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan. China Lancet. 2020;395:497–506.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhang B, Zhou X, Qiu Y, Song Y, Feng F, Feng J, Song Q, Jia Q, Wang J. Clinical characteristics of 82 cases of death from COVID-19. PLoS ONE. 2020;15: e0235458.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tay MZ, Poh CM, Renia L, MacAry PA, Ng LFP. The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20:363–74.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Goldman JD, Gonzalez MA, Rüthrich MM, Sharon E, von Lilienfeld-Toal M. COVID-19 and Cancer: Special Considerations for Patients Receiving Immunotherapy and Immunosuppressive Cancer Therapies. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2022;42:1–13.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nakanishi T, Pigazzini S, Degenhardt F, Cordioli M, Butler-Laporte G, Maya-Miles D, Bujanda L, Bouysran Y, Niemi ME, Palom A, et al. Age-dependent impact of the major common genetic risk factor for COVID-19 on severity and mortality. J Clin Invest. 2021;131(23):e152386.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pairo-Castineira E, Clohisey S, Klaric L, Bretherick AD, Rawlik K, Pasko D, Walker S, Parkinson N, Fourman MH, Russell CD, et al. Genetic mechanisms of critical illness in COVID-19. Nature. 2021;591:92–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Severe Covid GG, Ellinghaus D, Degenhardt F, Bujanda L, Buti M, Albillos A, Invernizzi P, Fernandez J, Prati D, Baselli G, et al. Genomewide Association Study of Severe Covid-19 with Respiratory Failure. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:1522–34.

Article  Google Scholar 

Anastassopoulou C, Gkizarioti Z, Patrinos GP, Tsakris A. Human genetic factors associated with susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease severity. Hum Genomics. 2020;14:40.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Forbester JL, Humphreys IR. Genetic influences on viral-induced cytokine responses in the lung. Mucosal Immunol. 2021;14:14–25.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Calin GA, Sevignani C, Dumitru CD, Hyslop T, Noch E, Yendamuri S, Shimizu M, Rattan S, Bullrich F, Negrini M, Croce CM. Human microRNA genes are frequently located at fragile sites and genomic regions involved in cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:2999–3004.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Giza DE, Fuentes-Mattei E, Bullock MD, Tudor S, Goblirsch MJ, Fabbri M, Lupu F, Yeung SJ, Vasilescu C, Calin GA. Cellular and viral microRNAs in sepsis: mechanisms of action and clinical applications. Cell Death Differ. 2016;23:1906–18.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mehta A, Baltimore D. MicroRNAs as regulatory elements in immune system logic. Nat Rev Immunol. 2016;16:279–94.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Virga F, Cappellesso F, Stijlemans B, Henze AT, Trotta R, Van Audenaerde J, Mirchandani AS, Sanchez-Garcia MA, Vandewalle J, Orso F, et al. Macrophage miR-210 induction and metabolic reprogramming in response to pathogen interaction boost life-threatening inflammation. Sci Adv. 2021;7(19):eabf0466.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mittelbrunn M, Gutierrez-Vazquez C, Villarroya-Beltri C, Gonzalez S, Sanchez-Cabo F, Gonzalez MA, Bernad A, Sanchez-Madrid F. Unidirectional transfer of microRNA-loaded exosomes from T cells to antigen-presenting cells. Nat Commun. 2011;2:282.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Okoye IS, Coomes SM, Pelly VS, Czieso S, Papayannopoulos V, Tolmachova T, Seabra MC, Wilson MS. MicroRNA-Containing T-Regulatory-Cell-Derived Exosomes Suppress Pathogenic T Helper 1 Cells. Immunity. 2014;41:503.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Blanchard N, Lankar D, Faure F, Regnault A, Dumont C, Raposo G, Hivroz C. TCR activation of human T cells induces the production of exosomes bearing the TCR/CD3/zeta complex. J Immunol. 2002;168:3235–41.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yang M, Chen J, Su F, Yu B, Su F, Lin L, Liu Y, Huang JD, Song E. Microvesicles secreted by macrophages shuttle invasion-potentiating microRNAs into breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer. 2011;10:117.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Alexander M, Hu R, Runtsch MC, Kagele DA, Mosbruger TL, Tolmachova T, Seabra MC, Round JL, Ward DM, O’Connell RM. Exosome-delivered microRNAs modulate the inflammatory response to endotoxin. Nat Commun. 2015;6:7321.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Anfossi S, Giordano A, Gao H, Cohen EN, Tin S, Wu Q, Garza RJ, Debeb BG, Alvarez RH, Valero V, et al. High serum miR-19a levels are associated with inflammatory breast cancer and are predictive of favorable clinical outcome in patients with metastatic HER2+ inflammatory breast cancer. PLoS ONE. 2014;9: e83113.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Anfossi S, Babayan A, Pantel K, Calin GA. Clinical utility of circulating non-coding RNAs - an update. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2018;15:541–63.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Olariu TR, Ursoniu S, Marincu I, Lupu MA. Dynamics of Antibody Response to BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine: A 7-Month Follow-Up Study. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;57(12):1330.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, Perez JL, Perez Marc G, Moreira ED, Zerbini C, et al. Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:2603–15.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

EUA Authorized Serology Test Performance. https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/covid-19-emergency-use-authorizations-medical-devices/eua-authorized-serology-test-performance.

Patrick Royston WS. Multivariable Model - Building: A Pragmatic Approach to Regression Analysis based on Fractional Polynomials for Modelling Continuous Variables. Hoboken: Wiley; 2008.

Fine JP, Gray RJ. A proportional hazards model for the subdistribution of a competing risk. J Am Stat Assoc. 1999;94:496–509.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gray RJ. A Class of K-Sample Tests for Comparing the Cumulative Incidence of a Competing Risk. Ann Stat. 1988;16:1141–54.

Article  Google Scholar 

Blobel GA, Higgs DR, Mitchell JA, Notani D, Young RA. Testing the super-enhancer concept. Nat Rev Genet. 2021;22:749–55.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Grimwood J, Gordon LA, Olsen A, Terry A, Schmutz J, Lamerdin J, Hellsten U, Goodstein D, Couronne O, Tran-Gyamfi M, et al. The DNA sequence and biology of human chromosome 19. Nature. 2004;428:529–35.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Flor I, Bullerdiek J. The dark side of a success story: microRNAs of the C19MC cluster in human tumours. J Pathol. 2012;227:270–4.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Stephen S, Pheasant M, Makunin IV, Mattick JS. Large-scale appearance of ultraconserved elements in tetrapod genomes and slowdown of the molecular clock. Mol Biol Evol. 2008;25:402–8.