These authors contributed equally: Chen Yang, Yanwei Li.

Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Chen Yang, Shuyao Zhou, Yilin Guo, Zhirong Liu & Xuefeng Guo

Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China

Yanwei Li

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Yanwei Li & Kendall N. Houk

Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China

Chuancheng Jia & Xuefeng Guo

Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er-Sheva, Israel

Yonatan Dubi

Correspondence to Kendall N. Houk, Yonatan Dubi or Xuefeng Guo.