Qiao J, Wang Y, Li X, Jiang F, Zhang Y, Ma J, et al. A Lancet Commission on 70 years of women’s reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health in China. Lancet. 2021;397(10293):2497–536.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Agarwal A, Baskaran S, Parekh N, Cho CL, Henkel R, Vij S, et al. Male infertility. Lancet. 2021;397(10271):319–33.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tharakan T, Luo R, Jayasena CN, Minhas S. Non-obstructive azoospermia: current and future perspectives. Fac Rev. 2021;10:7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Saitou M, Hayashi K. Mammalian in vitro gametogenesis. Sci (New York NY). 2021;374(6563):eaaz6830.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Brinster RL, Zimmermann JW. Spermatogenesis following male germ-cell transplantation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994;91(24):11298–302.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Di Persio S, Saracino R, Fera S, Muciaccia B, Esposito V, Boitani C, et al. Spermatogonial kinetics in humans. Development. 2017;144(19):3430–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yoshida S. Stem cells in mammalian spermatogenesis. Dev Growth Differ. 2010;52(3):311–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Makela JA, Koskenniemi JJ, Virtanen HE, Toppari J. Testis Development. Endocr Rev. 2019;40(4):857–905.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Rooij DG. The nature and dynamics of spermatogonial stem cells. Development. 2017;144(17):3022–30.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hobbs RM, Seandel M, Falciatori I, Rafii S, Pandolfi PP. Plzf regulates germline progenitor self-renewal by opposing mTORC1. Cell. 2010;142(3):468–79.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Helsel AR, Yang QE, Oatley MJ, Lord T, Sablitzky F, Oatley JM. ID4 levels dictate the stem cell state in mouse spermatogonia. Development. 2017;144(4):624–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aiko S, Atsushi S, Hitomi S, Yumiko S. The RNA-binding protein NANOS2 is required to maintain murine spermatogonial stem cells. Science. 2009;325(5946):1394–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lovelace DL, Gao Z, Mutoji K, Song YC, Ruan J, Hermann BP. The regulatory repertoire of PLZF and SALL4 in undifferentiated spermatogonia. Development. 2016;143(11):1893–906.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Endo T, Mikedis MM, Nicholls PK, Page DC, de Rooij DG. Retinoic acid and germ cell development in the Ovary and Testis. Biomolecules. 2019;9(12).

Meng X, Lindahl M, Hyvonen ME, Parvinen M, de Rooij DG, Hess MW, et al. Regulation of cell fate decision of undifferentiated spermatogonia by GDNF. Science. 2000;287(5457):1489–93.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Masaki K, Sakai M, Kuroki S, Jo JI, Hoshina K, Fujimori Y, et al. FGF2 has distinct molecular functions from GDNF in the mouse germline niche. Stem Cell Rep. 2018;10(6):1782–92.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chen J-X, Xu L-L, Wang X-C, Qin H-Y, Wang J-L. Involvement of c-Src/STAT3 signal in EGF-induced proliferation of rat spermatogonial stem cells. Mol Cell Biochem. 2011;358(1–2):67–73.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huszar JM, Payne CJ. MicroRNA 146 (Mir146) modulates spermatogonial differentiation by retinoic acid in mice. Biol Reprod. 2013;88(1):15.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tokue M, Ikami K, Mizuno S, Takagi C, Miyagi A, Takada R, et al. SHISA6 confers resistance to differentiation-promoting Wnt/beta-Catenin signaling in mouse spermatogenic stem cells. Stem Cell Rep. 2017;8(3):561–75.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Navid S, Saadatian Z, Talebi A, Toolee H, Seyedi S. The effect of biological mechanisms of melatonin on the proliferation of spermatogonial stem cells: a systematic review. Anatomy & cell biology; 2024.

Navid S, Abbasi M, Hoshino Y. The effects of melatonin on colonization of neonate spermatogonial mouse stem cells in a three-dimensional soft agar culture system. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2017;8(1):233.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Potter SJ, DeFalco T. Role of the testis interstitial compartment in spermatogonial stem cell function. Reproduction. 2017;153(4):R151–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Makela JA, Hobbs RM. Molecular regulation of spermatogonial stem cell renewal and differentiation. Reproduction. 2019;158(5):R169–87.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guo J, Grow EJ, Yi C, Mlcochova H, Maher GJ, Lindskog C, et al. Chromatin and single-cell RNA-Seq profiling reveal Dynamic Signaling and metabolic transitions during human spermatogonial stem Cell Development. Cell Stem Cell. 2017;21(4):533–46. e6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen W, Cui Y, Liu B, Li C, Du L, Tang R, et al. Hsa-Mir-1908-3p mediates the Self-Renewal and apoptosis of human spermatogonial stem cells via Targeting KLF2. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2020;20:788–800.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tian R, Yao C, Yang C, Zhu Z, Li C, Zhi E, et al. Fibroblast growth factor-5 promotes spermatogonial stem cell proliferation via ERK and AKT activation. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019;10(1):40.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li N, Zhou Q, Yi Z, Zhang H, Zhou D. Ubiquitin protein E3 ligase ASB9 suppresses proliferation and promotes apoptosis in human spermatogonial stem cell line by inducing HIF1AN degradation. Biol Res. 2023;56(1):4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhou D, Fan J, Liu Z, Tang R, Wang X, Bo H, et al. TCF3 regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of human spermatogonial stem cells by Targeting PODXL. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9:695545.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhao X, Huang Z, Chen Y, Zhou Q, Zhu F, Zhang H, et al. MAGEB2-Mediated degradation of EGR1 regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of human spermatogonial stem cell lines. Stem Cells Int. 2023;2023:3610466.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhou D, Zhu F, Huang ZH, Zhang H, Fan LQ, Fan JY. SPOC domain-containing protein 1 regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of human spermatogonial stem cells through adenylate kinase 4. World J Stem Cells. 2022;14(12):822–38.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhao L, Yao C, Xing X, Jing T, Li P, Zhu Z, et al. Single-cell analysis of developing and azoospermia human testicles reveals central role of sertoli cells. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):5683.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guo J, Grow EJ, Mlcochova H, Maher GJ, Lindskog C, Nie X, et al. The adult human testis transcriptional cell atlas. Cell Res. 2018;28(12):1141–57.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huang ZH, Huang C, Ji XR, Zhou WJ, Luo XF, Liu Q, et al. MKK7-mediated phosphorylation of JNKs regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of human spermatogoni