Silberstein SD. Migraine. Lancet. 2004;363(9406):381–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burch R, Rizzoli P, Loder E. The prevalence and impact of migraine and severe headache in the United States: figures and trends from Government Health studies. Headache. 2018;58(4):496–505.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peters GL. Migraine overview and summary of current and emerging treatment options. Am J Manag Care. 2019;25(2 Suppl):S23–34.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tao F. Migraine Prevalence and its differences among races and ethnicities in the United States (2010–2015). University of California, Irvine; 2017.

Bellini B, Arruda M, Cescut A, Saulle C, Persico A, Carotenuto M, Gatta M, Nacinovich R, Piazza FP, Termine C, et al. Headache and comorbidity in children and adolescents. J Headache Pain. 2013;14:79.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Powers SW, Patton SR, Hommel KA, Hershey AD. Quality of life in childhood migraines: clinical impact and comparison to other chronic illnesses. Pediatrics. 2003;112(1 Pt 1):e1–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burch RC, Buse DC, Lipton RB. Migraine: epidemiology, burden, and comorbidity. Neurol Clin. 2019;37(4):631–49.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Minen MT, De Begasse O, Van Kroon A, Powers S, Schwedt TJ, Lipton R, Silbersweig D. Migraine and its psychiatric comorbidities. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016;87(7):741–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jette N, Patten S, Williams J, Becker W, Wiebe S. Comorbidity of migraine and psychiatric disorders–a national population-based study. Headache. 2008;48(4):501–16.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kelman L, Rains JC. Headache and sleep: examination of sleep patterns and complaints in a large clinical sample of migraineurs. Headache. 2005;45(7):904–10.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pellegrino ABW, Davis-Martin RE, Houle TT, Turner DP, Smitherman TA. Perceived triggers of primary headache disorders: a meta-analysis. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(6):1188–98.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arruda MA, Arruda R, Guidetti V, Bigal ME. ADHD is comorbid to migraine in childhood: a population-based study. J Atten Disord. 2020;24(7):990–1001.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carpenet C, Guichard E, Tzourio C, Kurth T. Self-perceived attention deficit and hyperactivity symptom levels and risk of non-migraine and migraine headaches among university students: a cross-sectional study. Cephalalgia. 2019;39(6):711–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Radat F, Swendsen J. Psychiatric comorbidity in migraine: a review. Cephalalgia. 2005;25(3):165–78.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peroutka SJ, Price SC, Wilhoit TL, Jones KW. Comorbid migraine with aura, anxiety, and depression is associated with dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) NcoI alleles. Mol Med. 1998;4(1):14–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Edden RA, Crocetti D, Zhu H, Gilbert DL, Mostofsky SH. Reduced GABA concentration in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69(7):750–3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Swanson JM, Kinsbourne M, Nigg J, Lanphear B, Stefanatos GA, Volkow N, Taylor E, Casey BJ, Castellanos FX, Wadhwa PD. Etiologic subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: brain imaging, molecular genetic and environmental factors and the dopamine hypothesis. Neuropsychol Rev. 2007;17(1):39–59.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Caldecott-Hazard S, Morgan DG, DeLeon-Jones F, Overstreet DH, Janowsky D. Clinical and biochemical aspects of depressive disorders: II. Transmitter/receptor theories. Synapse. 1991;9(4):251–301.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Montagna P, Cevoli S, Marzocchi N, Pierangeli G, Pini LA, Cortelli P, Mochi M. The genetics of chronic headaches. Neurol Sci. 2003;24(Suppl 2):S51–56.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duan J, Yang R, Lu W, Zhao L, Hu S, Hu C. Comorbid Bipolar disorder and migraine: from mechanisms to treatment. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:560138.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hung CI, Liu CY, Yang CH, Wang SJ. The impacts of migraine among outpatients with major depressive disorder at a two-year follow-Up. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(5):e0128087.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ducros A. Genetics of migraine. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2021;177(7):801–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Flint J, Kendler KS. The genetics of major depression. Neuron. 2014;81(3):484–503.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sucksdorff D, Brown AS, Chudal R, Heinimaa M, Suominen A, Sourander A. Parental and comorbid migraine in individuals with bipolar disorder: a nationwide register study. J Affect Disord. 2016;206:109–14.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huang JS, Yang FC, Chien WC, Yeh TC, Chung CH, Tsai CK, Tsai SJ, Yang SS, Tzeng NS, Chen MH, et al. Risk of substance use disorder and its associations with comorbidities and psychotropic agents in patients with autism. JAMA Pediatr. 2021;175(2):e205371.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liang CS, Bai YM, Hsu JW, Huang KL, Ko NY, Chu HT, Yeh TC, Tsai SJ, Chen TJ, Chen MH. The risk of sexually transmitted infections following first-episode Schizophrenia among adolescents and young adults: a cohort study of 220 545 subjects. Schizophr Bull. 2020;46(4):795–803.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen MH, Hsu JW, Huang KL, Bai YM, Ko NY, Su TP, Li CT, Lin WC, Tsai SJ, Pan TL, et al. Sexually transmitted infection among adolescents and young adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a nationwide longitudinal study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018;57(1):48–53.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen MH, Hsu JW, Huang KL, Su TP, Li CT, Lin WC, Tsai SJ, Cheng CM, Chang WH, Pan TL et al. Risk and coaggregation of major psychiatric disorders among first-degree relatives of patients with bipolar disorder: a nationwide population-based study. Psychol Med 2018:1–8.

Chen MH, Lan WH, Hsu JW, Huang KL, Su TP, Li CT, Lin WC, Tsai CF, Tsai SJ, Lee YC, et al. Risk of developing type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults with autism spectrum disorder: a nationwide longitudinal study. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(5):788–93.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang B, Wang HE, Bai YM, Tsai SJ, Su TP, Chen TJ, Wang YP, Chen MH. Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with higher dementia risk: a nationwide longitudinal study. Gut. 2021;70(1):85–91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cheng CM, Chang WH, Chen MH, Tsai CF, Su TP, Li CT, Tsai SJ, Hsu JW, Huang KL, Lin WC, et al. Co-aggregation of major psychiatric disorders in individuals with first-degree relatives with schizophrenia: a nationwide population-based study. Mol Psychiatry. 2018;23(8):1756–63.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tsai SJ, Cheng CM, Chang WH, Bai YM, Hsu JW, Huang KL, Su TP, Chen TJ, Chen MH. Risks and familial coaggregation of death by suicide, accidental death and major psychiatric disorders in first-degree relatives of individuals who died by suicide. Br J Psychiatry: J Mental Sci. 2023;223(4):465–70.

Article  Google Scholar 

Liu CY, Hung YT, Chuang YL, Chen YJ, Weng WS, Liu JS. Incorporating development stratification of Taiwan townships into sampling design of large scale health interview survey. J Health Manage (Chin). 2006;4:1–22.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Oedegaard KJ, Greenwood TA, Johansson S, Jacobsen KK, Halmoy A, Fasmer OB, Akiskal HS, Bipolar Genome S, Haavik J, Kelsoe JR. A genome-wide association study of bipolar disorder and comorbid migraine. Genes Brain Behav. 2010;9(7):673–80.

Article  CAS  PubMed