1Department of Emergency, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China

2Graduate School of North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China

3Department of Intensive Care Unit, Shijiazhuang People's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China

4Department of Pneumology, Muping District Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Yantai, China

Address reprint requests to: Hui-Ling Zang, MM, Department of Emergency, Hebei General Hospital, No. 348, Heping West Road, Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang 050011 China. E-mail: [email protected]; Co-correspondence: Jing Qin, BM, Department of Pneumology, Muping District Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Yantai 264100, Shandong Province, China. E-mail: [email protected]

Received 7 Nov 2023; first review completed 4 Dec 2023; accepted in final form 11 Jan 2024

Y.-Q.Q. and X.-H.S. contributed equally to this study.

The study was funded by Hebei Provincial Health Commission Medical Science Research Project.

Project Number: 20220916

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

This study was conducted with approval from the ethics committee of Hebei General Hospital (no. 2023162). This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Because of the retrospective nature of the study, the requirement of patient consent for inclusion was waived. Patient personal privacy and data confidentiality have been upheld.