aDepartment of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA;

bDepartment of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;

cDepartment of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA;

dNational Department of Health, Pretoria, South Africa; and

eThe World Bank Group, Washington DC.

Supported by World Bank trust funds from several governments and Government of South Africa domestic health financing.

The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

NF, S.P., M.P., M.G., S.B., and M.P.F. all contributed to developing the protocol. A.N.H., J.M., SW, MN, and Y.P. all contributed substantive changes to the protocol. M.P.F. drafted the manuscript. All authors were involved in editing the final manuscript.

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