aVagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY;

bDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY;

cCAPRISA MRC-HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Durban, South Africa;

dSchool of Applied Human Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa;

eDepartment of Biostatistics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY;

fUniversity of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI;

gDivisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY;

hDepartment of Medicine (Infections Diseases), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT;

iDahdaleh Institute of Global Health Research, School of Global Health, York University, Toronto, Canada;

jGraduate School of Social Work, Touro University, New York City, NY; and

kDepartment of Epidemiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY.

Correspondence to: Max O'Donnell, MD, MPH, ARB R708 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 (e-mail: [email protected]).

This research was supported by the NIH NIAID R01AI124413 (O'Donnell M PI; Padayatchi N MPI) and R01AI167795 (O'Donnell PI). The funding body did not participate in study design or collection, analysis, interpretation of data.

Data were presented in part at the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) 2023, Seattle, Washington.

The authors have no funding or conflicts of interest to disclose.

PRospective study of Adherence in M/XDR-TB Implementation Science (PRAXIS) Research Group.

J.Z. and M.O. are contributed equally.