WHO reference number: WHO/2019-nCoV/FAQ/Pregnancy/Vaccines/2022.1. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-FAQ-Pregnancy-Vaccines-2022.1. Accessed 15 Feb 2022

Central Epidemic Command Center (CECC) explains details on list of individuals eligible for government-funded vaccination and those who can receive vaccination in current phase. 2021–06–22. https://www.cdc.gov.tw/En/Bulletin/Detail/I4B7jdERBn3f0TvhIeKNBA?typeid=158. Accessed 22 June 2021

Fotiou M, Fotakis C, Tsakoumaki F, Athanasiadou E, Kyrkou C, Dimitropoulou A, Tsiaka T, Chatziioannou AC, Sarafidis K, Menexes G et al (2018) (1)H NMR-based metabolomics reveals the effect of maternal habitual dietary patterns on human amniotic fluid profile. Sci Rep 8:4076. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22230-y

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Orczyk-Pawilowicz M, Jawien E, Deja S, Hirnle L, Zabek A, Mlynarz P (2016) Metabolomics of human amniotic fluid and maternal plasma during normal pregnancy. PLoS ONE 11:e0152740. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152740

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sasaki E, Kusunoki H, Momose H, Furuhata K, Hosoda K, Wakamatsu K, Mizukami T, Hamaguchi I (2019) Changes of urine metabolite profiles are induced by inactivated influenza vaccine inoculations in mice. Sci Rep 9:16249. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52686-5

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Diray-Arce J, Conti MG, Petrova B, Kanarek N, Angelidou A, Levy O (2020) Integrative metabolomics to identify molecular signatures of responses to vaccines and infections. Metabolites 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10120492

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ballout RA, Kong H, Sampson M, Otvos JD, Cox AL, Agbor-Enoh S, Remaley AT (2021) The NIH Lipo-COVID Study: a pilot NMR investigation of lipoprotein subfractions and other metabolites in patients with severe COVID-19. Biomedicines 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091090

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bizkarguenaga M, Bruzzone C, Gil-Redondo R, SanJuan I, Martin-Ruiz I, Barriales D, Palacios A, Pasco ST, Gonzalez-Valle B, Lain A et al (2022) Uneven metabolic and lipidomic profiles in recovered COVID-19 patients as investigated by plasma NMR metabolomics. NMR Biomed 35:e4637. https://doi.org/10.1002/nbm.4637

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bruzzone C, Bizkarguenaga M, Gil-Redondo R, Diercks T, Arana E, Garcia de Vicuna A, Seco M, Bosch A, Palazon A, San Juan I et al (2020) SARS-CoV-2 infection dysregulates the metabolomic and lipidomic profiles of serum. iScience 23:101645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2020.101645

Julkunen H, Cichonska A, Slagboom PE, Wurtz P, Nightingale Health UKBI (2021) Metabolic biomarker profiling for identification of susceptibility to severe pneumonia and COVID-19 in the general population. Elife 10. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.63033

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kimhofer T, Lodge S, Whiley L, Gray N, Loo RL, Lawler NG, Nitschke P, Bong SH, Morrison DL, Begum S et al (2020) Integrative modeling of quantitative plasma lipoprotein, metabolic, and amino acid data reveals a multiorgan pathological signature of SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Proteome Res 19:4442–4454. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00519

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lodge S, Nitschke P, Kimhofer T, Coudert JD, Begum S, Bong SH, Richards T, Edgar D, Raby E, Spraul M et al (2021) NMR spectroscopic windows on the systemic effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on plasma lipoproteins and metabolites in relation to circulating cytokines. J Proteome Res 20:1382–1396. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00876

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Masuda R, Lodge S, Nitschke P, Spraul M, Schaefer H, Bong SH, Kimhofer T, Hall D, Loo RL, Bizkarguenaga M et al (2021) Integrative modeling of plasma metabolic and lipoprotein biomarkers of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Spanish and Australian COVID-19 patient cohorts. J Proteome Res 20:4139–4152. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00458

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Meoni G, Ghini V, Maggi L, Vignoli A, Mazzoni A, Salvati L, Capone M, Vanni A, Tenori L, Fontanari P et al (2021) Metabolomic/lipidomic profiling of COVID-19 and individual response to tocilizumab. PLoS Pathog 17:e1009243. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009243

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chiu CY, Cheng ML, Chiang MH, Wang CJ, Tsai MH, Lin G (2020) Metabolomic analysis reveals distinct profiles in the plasma and urine associated with IgE reactions in childhood asthma. J Clin Med 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030887

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jacob D, Deborde C, Lefebvre M, Maucourt M, Moing A (2017) NMRProcFlow: a graphical and interactive tool dedicated to 1D spectra processing for NMR-based metabolomics. Metabolomics 13:36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11306-017-1178-y

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Levin EG, Lustig Y, Cohen C, Fluss R, Indenbaum V, Amit S, Doolman R, Asraf K, Mendelson E, Ziv A et al (2021) Waning immune humoral response to BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine over 6 months. N Engl J Med 385:e84. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2114583

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gray KJ, Bordt EA, Atyeo C, Deriso E, Akinwunmi B, Young N, Baez AM, Shook LL, Cvrk D, James K et al (2021) Coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine response in pregnant and lactating women: a cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 225: 303 e301–303 e317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2021.03.023

Sahin U, Muik A, Derhovanessian E, Vogler I, Kranz LM, Vormehr M, Baum A, Pascal K, Quandt J, Maurus D et al (2020) COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits human antibody and T(H)1 T cell responses. Nature 586:594–599. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2814-7

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zuo L, Ao G, Wang Y, Gao M, Qi X (2022) Bamlanivimab improves hospitalization and mortality rates in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect 84:248–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2021.09.003

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dispinseri S, Secchi M, Pirillo MF, Tolazzi M, Borghi M, Brigatti C, De Angelis ML, Baratella M, Bazzigaluppi E, Venturi G et al (2021) Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in symptomatic COVID-19 is persistent and critical for survival. Nat Commun 12:2670. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22958-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Earle KA, Ambrosino DM, Fiore-Gartland A, Goldblatt D, Gilbert PB, Siber GR, Dull P, Plotkin SA (2021) Evidence for antibody as a protective correlate for COVID-19 vaccines. Vaccine 39:4423–4428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.05.063

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ou X, Liu Y, Lei X, Li P, Mi D, Ren L, Guo L, Guo R, Chen T, Hu J et al (2020) Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV. Nat Commun 11:1620. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15562-9

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dagla I, Iliou A, Benaki D, Gikas E, Mikros E, Bagratuni T, Kastritis E, Dimopoulos MA, Terpos E, Tsarbopoulos A (2022) Plasma metabolomic alterations induced by COVID-19 vaccination reveal putative biomarkers reflecting the immune response. Cells 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11071241

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

He M, Huang Y, Wang Y, Liu J, Han M, Xiao Y, Zhang N, Gui H, Qiu H, Cao L et al (2022) Metabolomics-based investigation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (Sinovac) reveals an immune-dependent metabolite biomarker. Front Immunol 13:954801. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.954801

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shook LL, Atyeo CG, Yonker LM, Fasano A, Gray KJ, Alter G, Edlow AG (2022) Durability of anti-spike antibodies in infants after maternal COVID-19 vaccination or natural infection. JAMA 327:1087–1089. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.1206

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thomas T, Stefanoni D, Reisz JA, Nemkov T, Bertolone L, Francis RO, Hudson KE, Zimring JC, Hansen KC, Hod EA et al (2020) COVID-19 infection alters kynurenine and fatty acid metabolism, correlating with IL-6 levels and renal status. JCI Insight 5. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.140327

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang Y, Yue Q, Zhu H, Song J, Li D, Liu W, Jiang S, Jiang N, Qiu C, Ai J et al (2022) Serum metabolic correlates of the antibody response in subjects receiving the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10111890

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Knopp RH, Warth MR, Charles D, Childs M, Li JR, Mabuchi H, Van Allen MI (1986) Lipoprotein metabolism in pregnancy, fat transport to the fetus, and the effects of diabetes. Biol Neonate 50:297–317. https://doi.org/10.1159/000242614

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Waage CW, Mdala I, Stigum H, Jenum AK, Birkeland KI, Shakeel N, Michelsen TM, Richardsen KR, Sletner L (2022) Lipid and lipoprotein concentrations during pregnancy and associations with ethnicity. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 22:246. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-04524-2

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ghini V, Maggi L, Mazzoni A, Spinicci M, Zammarchi L, Bartoloni A, Annunziato F, Turano P (2022) Serum NMR profiling reveals differential alterations in the lipoproteome induced by Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine in COVID-19 recovered subjects and naive subjects. Front Mol Biosci 9:839809. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2022.839809

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nogal A, Louca P, Zhang X, Wells PM, Steves CJ, Spector TD, Falchi M, Valdes AM, Menni C (2021) Circulating levels of the short-chain fatty acid acetate mediate the effect of the gut microbiome on visceral fat. Front Microbiol 12:711359. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.711359

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central