Whitaker RC, Wright JA, Pepe MS, Seidel KD, Dietz WH. Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:869–73.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Whitaker KL, Jarvis MJ, Beeken RJ, Boniface D, Wardle J. Comparing maternal and paternal intergenerational transmission of obesity risk in a large population-based sample. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91:1560–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Loos RJF, Yeo GSH. Obesogenic environment. The genetics of obesity: from discovery to biology. Nat Rev Genet. 2022;23:120–33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Waalen J. The genetics of human obesity. Transl Res. 2014;164:293–301.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Muñoz C, Garcia-Vargas GG, Morales RP. Monogenic, polygenic and multifactorial obesity in children: genetic and environmental factors. Austin J Nutr Metab. 2017;4:1052.

Google Scholar 

Min J, Chiu DT, Wang Y. Variation in the heritability of body mass index based on diverse twin studies: a systematic review. Etiol Pathophysiol. 2013;14:871–82.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Silventoinen K, Konttinen H. Obesity and eating behavior from the perspective of twin and genetic research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2020;109:150–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Rahilly S, Farooqi IS. Human obesity: a heritable neurobehavioral disorder that is highly sensitive to environmental conditions. Diabetes. 2008;57:2905–10.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hasebe K, Kendig MD, Morris MJ. Mechanisms underlying the cognitive and behavioural effects of maternal obesity. Nutrients 2021;13. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010240.

Stice E, Burger KS, Yokum S. Relative ability of fat and sugar tastes to activate reward, gustatory, and somatosensory regions. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;98:1377.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Luo S, Alves J, Hardy K, Wang X, Monterosso J, Xiang AH, et al. Neural processing of food cues in pre-pubertal children. Pediatr Obes 2019;14. https://doi.org/10.1111/IJPO.12435.

Gearhardt AN, Yokum S, Harris JL, Epstein LH, Lumeng JC. Neural response to fast food commercials in adolescents predicts intake. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;111:493.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Small DM, Jones-Gotman M, Dagher A. Feeding-induced dopamine release in dorsal striatum correlates with meal pleasantness ratings in healthy human volunteers. Neuroimage. 2003;19:1709–15.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Geha P, Cecchi G, Todd Constable R, Abdallah C, Small DM. Reorganization of brain connectivity in obesity. Hum Brain Mapp. 2017;38:1403.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stoeckel LE, Weller RE, Cook EW, Twieg DB, Knowlton RC, Cox JE. Widespread reward-system activation in obese women in response to pictures of high-calorie foods. Neuroimage. 2008;41:636–47.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kennedy JT, Collins PF, Luciana M. Higher adolescent body mass index is associated with lower regional gray and white matter volumes and lower levels of positive emotionality. Front Neurosci. 2016;10:413.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dekkers IA, Jansen PR, Lamb HJ. Obesity, brain volume, and white matter microstructure at MRI: a cross-sectional UK biobank study. Radiology. 2019;291:763–71.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Samara A, Li Z, Rutlin J, Raji CA, Sun P, Song SK, et al. Nucleus accumbens microstructure mediates the relationship between obesity and eating behavior in adults. Obesity. 2021;29:1328–37.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim AY, Shim JH, Choi HJ, Baek HM. Comparison of volumetric and shape changes of subcortical structures based on 3-dimensional image between obesity and normal-weighted subjects using 3.0 T MRI. J Clin Neurosci. 2020;73:280–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stice E, Burger K. Neural vulnerability factors for obesity. Clin Psychol Rev. 2019;68:38–53.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stice E, Yokum S. Neural vulnerability factors that predict future weight gain. Curr Obes Rep. 2021;10:435–43.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nakamura Y, Ozawa S, Koike S. Caudate functional connectivity associated with weight change in adolescents. Front Hum Neurosci. 2020;14:587763–587763.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yokum S, Gearhardt AN, Harris JL, Brownell KD, Stice E. Individual differences in striatum activity to food commercials predict weight gain in adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2014;22:2544.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Salzwedel AP, Gao W, Andres A, Badger TM, Glasier CM, Ramakrishnaiah RH, et al. Maternal adiposity influences neonatal brain functional connectivity. Front Hum Neurosci. 2019;12:1–12.

Article  Google Scholar 

Li X, Andres A, Shankar K, Pivik RT, Glasier CM, Ramakrishnaiah RH, et al. Differences in brain functional connectivity at resting state in neonates born to healthy obese or normal-weight mothers. Int J Obes. 2016;40:1931–4.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ou X, Thakali KM, Shankar K, Andres A, Badger TM. Maternal adiposity negatively influences infant brain white matter development. Obesity. 2015;23:1047–54.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rasmussen JM, Tuulari JJ, Nolvi S, Thompson PM, Merisaari H, Lavonius M, et al. Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index is associated with newborn offspring hypothalamic mean diffusivity: a prospective dual-cohort study. BMC Med. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-023-02743-8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rasmussen JM, Thompson PM, Gyllenhammer LE, Lindsay KL, O’Connor TG, Koletzko B, et al. Maternal free fatty acid concentration during pregnancy is associated with newborn hypothalamic microstructure in humans. Obesity. 2022;30:1462–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Assaf Y, Johansen-Berg H, Thiebaut de Schotten M. The role of diffusion MRI in neuroscience. NMR Biomed. 2019;32(4):e3762.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Assaf Y. Imaging laminar structures in the gray matter with diffusion MRI. Neuroimage. 2019;197:677–88.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Takeuchi H, Kawashima R. Mean diffusivity in the dopaminergic system and neural differences related to dopaminergic system. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2018;16:460–74.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hashempour N, Tuulari JJ, Merisaari H, Acosta H, Lewis JD, Pelto J, et al. Prenatal maternal depressive symptoms are associated with neonatal left amygdala microstructure in a sex-dependent way. Eur J Neurosci. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1111/EJN.15989.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sagi Y, Tavor I, Hofstetter S, Tzur-Moryosef S, Blumenfeld-Katzir T, Assaf Y. Learning in the fast lane: new insights into neuroplasticity. Neuron. 2012;73:1195–203.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Takeuchi H, Taki Y, Nouchi R, Yokoyama R, Nakagawa S, Iizuka K, et al. The associations of BMI with mean diffusivity of basal ganglia among young adults with mild obesity and without obesity. Sci Rep. 2020;10:1–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Karlsson L, Tolvanen M, Scheinin NM, Uusitupa HM, Korja R, Ekholm E, et al. Cohort profile: the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study (FinnBrain). Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47:15–16j.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lehtola SJ, Tuulari JJ, Karlsson L, Parkkola R, Merisaari H, Saunavaara J, et al. Associations of age and sex with brain volumes and asymmetry in 2–5-week-old infants. Brain Struct Funct. 2019;224:501–13.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Copeland A, Silver E, Korja R, Lehtola SJ, Merisaari H, Saukko E, et al. Infant and child MRI: a review of scanning procedures. Front Neurosci. 2021;15:1–16.

Article  Google Scholar 

Acosta H, Kantojärvi K, Hashempour N, Pelto J, Scheinin NM, Lehtola SJ, et al. Partial support for an interaction between a polygenic risk score for major depressive disorder and prenatal maternal depressive symptoms on infant right amygdalar volumes. Cereb Cortex. 2020;30:6121–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lewis JD, Fonov VS, Collins DL, Evans AC, Tohka J. Cortical and subcortical T1 white/gray contrast, chronological age, and cognitive performance. Neuroimage. 2019;196:276–88.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smith SM. Fast robust automated brain extraction. Hum Brain Mapp. 2002;17:143–55.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jenkinson M, Beckmann CF, Behrens TEJ, Woolrich MW, Smith SM. FSL. Neuroimage. 2012;62:782–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oguz I, Farzinfar M, Matsui J, Budin F, Liu Z, Gerig G, et al. D