Abbas SR, Sabir SM, Ahmad SD, Boligon AA, e Athayde ML (2014) Phenolic profile, antioxidant potential and DNA damage protecting activity of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum). Food Chem 147:10–16

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aguiar e Silva MA, Vechetti-Junior IJ, Nascimento AF, Furtado KS, Azevedo L, Ribeiro DA, Barbisan LF (2012) Effects of swim training on liver carcinogenesis in male Wistar rats fed a low-fat or high-fat diet. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 37(6):1101–1109

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Akinloye DI, Metibemu DS, Shittu MT, Lawal MA, Olatunji FO, Oyediran MA, Akinloye OA (2023) Cannabis sativa demonstrates anti-hepatocellular carcinoma potentials in animal model: in silico and in vivo studies of the involvement of Akt. J Cannabis Res 5(1):27

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alamri ZZ (2018) The role of liver in metabolism: an updated review with physiological emphasis. Int J Basic Pharmacol 7(11):2271

Article  Google Scholar 

Al-Eitan LN, Alahmad SZ, ElMotasem MFM, Alghamdi MA (2023) The synthetic cannabinoid 5F-MDMB-PICA enhances the metabolic activity and angiogenesis in human brain microvascular endothelial cells by upregulation of VEGF, ANG-1, and ANG-2. Toxicol Res (Camb) 12(5):796–806

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Andrade Filho A, Campolina D, Dias MB (2013) Toxicologia na prática clínica.2 ªed. Belo Horizonte: Folium (in Portuguese)

Bethesda MD (2012) LiverTox: clinical and research information on drug-induced liver injury. In: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Maribavir

Borini P, Guimarães RC, Borini SB (2004) Possible hepatotoxicity of chronic marijuana usage. Sao Paulo Med J 122(3):110–116

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Camilleri MZT (2023) Cannabinoids and the gastrointestinal tract. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 21(13):3217–3229

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Child RB, Tallon MJ (2022) Cannabidiol (CBD) Dosing: Plasma pharmacokinetics and effects on accumulation in skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue. Nutrients 14(10):2101

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Condes TR (2021) In vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity evaluation of Cannabis sativa extract used by Brazilian family as a therapy in the control of seizures in children with refractory epilepsy. Fiocruz Publishers (in Portuguese)

de Aguiar GC, Souza ACF, de Souza DV, Neto MM, Le Sueur-Maluf L, de Moraes Malinverni AC, Antunes HKM, Ribeiro DA (2023) Degenerative changes induced by paradoxical sleep deprivation in rat sublingual glands. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 280(9):4261–4269

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Lima EC, de Moura CFG, Silva MJD, Vilegas W, Santamarina AB, Pisani LP, de Oliveira F, Ribeiro DA (2020) Therapeutical properties of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia in rat liver intoxicated with cadmium. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 27(10):10981–10989

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dos Santos Souza TG, da Silva MM, Feitoza GS, de Melo Alcântara LF, da Silva MA, de Oliveira AM, de Oliveira Farias de Aguiar JCR, do Amaral Ferraz Navarro DM, de Aguiar Júnior FCA, da Silva MV, Chagas CA (2021) Biological safety of Syagrus coronata (Mart) Becc Fixed oil: cytotoxicity, acute oral toxicity, and genotoxicity studies. J Ethnopharmacol 23;272:113941

EMCDDA–European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiciton Report (2023) Available from https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/european-drug-report/2023/cannabis_en Acessed 2/12/2024.

Ewing LE, Skinner CM, Quick CM, Kennon-McGill S, McGill MR, Walker LA, ElSohly MA, Gurley BJ, Koturbash I (2019) Hepatotoxicity of a cannabidiol-rich cannabis extract in the mouse model. Molecules 24(9):1694

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Foster BC, Abramovici H, Harris CS (2019) Cannabis and cannabinoids: kinetics and interactions. Am J Med 132(11):1266–1270

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guedes Pinto T, Cury PR, Renno ACM, Dagli MLZ, Ribeiro DA (2023) Is placental glutathione S-Transferase (GST-P) a suitable biomarker for oral carcinogenesis: a scoping review. Pathol Res Pract 249:154762

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guzmán M (2018) Cannabis for the management of cancer symptoms: thc version 2.0? Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 3(1):117–119

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Henderson RG, Lefever TW, Heintz MM, Trexler KR, Borghoff SJ, Bonn-Miller MO (2023) Oral toxicity evaluation of cannabidiol. Food Chem Toxicol 176:113778

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Karila L, Roux P, Rolland B, Benyamina A, Reynaud M, Aubin HJ, Lançon C (2014) Acute and long-term effects of cannabis use: a review. Curr Pharm Des 20(25):4112–4118

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kitdumrongthum S, Trachootham D (2023) An individuality of response to cannabinoids: challenges in safety and efficacy of cannabis products. Molecules 28(6):2791

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lafzi A, Yeşilyurt F, Demirci T, Hacımüftüoğlu A, Şişman T (2024) Acute and subacute toxic effects of CUMYL-4CN-BINACA on male albino rats. Forensic Toxicol. (in press)

Laranjeira R (2012) II levantamento nacional de álcool e drogas (LENAD). INPAD; UNIFESP, São Paulo (in Portuguese)

Levine AJ, Momand J, Finlay CA (1991) The p53 tumour suppressor gene. Nature 351:453–456

Article  ADS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lo LA, Christiansen A, Eadie L, Strickland JC, Kim DD, Boivin M, Barr AM, MacCallum CA (2023) Cannabidiol-associated hepatotoxicity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Intern Med 293(6):724–752

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

López GE, Brindis F, Niizawa W, Sol CristiansMartínez RV (2014) Cannabis sativa l, una planta singular. Rev Mex Cienc Farm México 45:1–6

Google Scholar 

Martínez-Peña AA, Petrik JJ, Hardy DB, Holloway AC (2022) Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol increases vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion through a cyclooxygenase-dependent mechanism in rat granulosa cells. Reprod Toxicol 111:59–67

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Matalon ST, Ringel Y, Konikoff F, Drucker L, Pery S, Naftali T (2020) Cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist promotes parameters implicated in mucosal healing in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. United Eur Gastroenterol J 8(3):271–283

Article  Google Scholar 

Mboumba Bouassa R-S, Sebastiani G, Di Marzo V, Jenabian M-A, Costiniuk CT (2022) Cannabinoids and Chronic Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 23(16):9423

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Middlekauff HR, Cooper ZD, Strauss SB (2022) Drugs of misuse: focus on vascular dysfunction. Can J Cardiol 38(9):1364–1377

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Millar SA, Stone NL, Yates AS, O’Sullivan SE (2018) A systematic review on the pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol in humans. Front Pharmacol 9:1365

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Miller I, Min M, Yang C, Tian C, Gookin S, Carter D, Spencer SL (2018) Ki67 is a graded rather than a binary marker of proliferation versus quiescence. Cell Rep 24(5):1105-1112.e5

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moretti EG, Yujra VQ, Claudio SR, Silva MJD, Vilegas W, Pereira CDS, Oliveira FR, Ribeiro DA (2016) Acute crack cocaine exposure induces genetic damage in multiple organs of rats. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:8104–8112

Article  Google Scholar 

Noor KK, Ijaz MU, Ehsan N, Tahir A, Yeni DK, Neamul Kabir Zihad SM, Uddin SJ, Ashraf A, Simal-Gandara J (2022) Hepatoprotective role of vitexin against cadmium-induced liver damage in male rats: a biochemical, inflammatory, apoptotic and histopathological investigation. Biomed Pharm 150:112934

Article  Google Scholar 

Panossian AG, Efferth T, Shikov AN, Pozharitskaya ON, Kuchta K, Mukherjee PK, Banerjee S, Heinrich M, Wu W, Guo DA, Wagner H (2021) Evolution of the adaptogenic concept from traditional use to medical systems: pharmacology of stress-and aging-related diseases. Med Res Rev 41:630–703

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Passagli M (2009) Toxicologia forense: teoria e prática, 2nd edn. Millennium, São Paulo ([in Portuguese])

Google Scholar 

Russo EB (2007) History of cannabis and its preparations in saga, science, and sobriquet. Chem Biodivers 4(8):1614–1648

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Russo C, Ferk F, Misik M, Ropek N, Nersesyan A, Mejri D, Holzmann K, Lovorgna M, Idiori M, Knasmuller S (2019) Low doses of widely consumed cannabinoids (cannabidiol and cannabidivarin) cause DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations in human-derived cells. Arch Toxicol 93(1):179–188

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schilling S, Melzer R, Mccabe PF (2020) Cannabis sativa. Curr Biol 30(1):R8–R9

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stohs S, Ray SD (2020) Is cannabidiol hepatotoxic or hepatoprotective review. Toxicol Res Appl 4:1–6

Google Scholar 

Tatematsu M, Mera Y, Ito N, Satoh K, Sato K (1985) Relative merits of immunohistochemical demonstrations of placental, A, B and C forms of glutathione S-transferase and histochemical demonstration of gamma-glutamyl transferase as markers of altered foci during liver carcinogenesis in rats. Carcinogenesis 6:1621–1626

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Viereckl M, Krutsinger K, Apawu A, Gu J, Cardona B, Barratt D, Han Y (2022) Cannabidiol and cannabigerol inhibit cholangiocarcinoma growth in vitro via divergent cell death pathways. Biomolecules 12(6):854

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang F, Dezfouli AB, Khosravi M, Sievert W, Stangl S, Schwab M, Wu Z, Steiger K, Ma H, Multhoff G (2023) Cannabidiol-induced crosstalk of apoptosis and macroautophagy in colorectal cancer cells involves p53 and Hsp70. Cell Death Discov 9(1):286

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Watkins PB, Church RJ, Li J, Knappertz V (2021) Cannabidiol and abnormal liver chemistries in healthy adults: results of a phase I clinical trial. Clin Pharmacol Ther 109(5):1224–1231

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhu J, Peltekian KM (2019) Cannabis and the liver: things you wanted to know but were afraid to ask. Can Liver J 2(3):51–57

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zimmerman AM, Raj AY (1980) Influence of cannabinoids on somatic cells in vivo. Pharmacology 21(4):277–287

Article  PubMed