•• Mullol J, Mariño-Sánchez F, Valls M, Alobid I, Marin C. The sense of smell in chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;145:773–6. Loss of smell is one of the predominant symptoms in chronic rhinosinusitis, being a key predictor of reduced quality of life.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marin C, Hummel T, Liu Z, Mullol J. Chronic rhinosinusitis and COVID-19. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022;10:1423–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stevens WW, Peters A, Tan BK, Klingler A, Poposki JA, Hulse KE, et al. Associations between inflammatory endotypes and clinical presentations in chronic rhinosinusitis. J Aller Clin Immunol Pract. 2019;7:2812–20.

Article  Google Scholar 

Leung CT, Coulombe PA, Reed RR. Contribution of olfactory neural stem cells to tissue maintenance and regeneration. Nat Neurosci. 2007;10:720–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

•• Schwob JE, Jang W, Holbrook EH, Lin B, Herrick DB, Peterson JN, et al. Stem and progenitor cells of the mammalian olfactory epithelium: Taking poietic license. J Comp Neurol. 2017;525:1034–54. Description of the robust capacity of the olfactory epithelium to replenish olfactory neurons lost throughout life to maintain ongoing neurogenesis during adult life.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Holbrook EH, Wu E, Curry WT, Lin DT, Schwob JE. Immunohistochemical characterization of human olfactory tissue. Laryngoscope. 2011;121:1687–701.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

•• Rouyar A, Classe M, Gorski R, Bock MD, Le-Guern J, Roche S, et al. Type 2/Th2-driven inflammation impairs olfactory sensory neurogenesis in mouse chronic rhinosinusitis model. Allergy. 2019;549–59.  Alteration of neurogenesis induced by type 2 inflammation.

•• Chen M, Reed RR, Lane AP. Chronic inflammation directs an olfactory stem cell functional switch from neuroregeneration to immune defense. Cell Stem Cell. 2019;25:501–13. Olfactory stem basal cells in the olfactory mucosa are activated triggering a functional switch from a neuro-regenerative phenotype to one contributing to immune defense in an animal model of inflammation and in chronic rhinosinusitis patients.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rustenhoven J, Kipnis J. Smelling danger: olfactory stem cells control immune defense during chronic inflammation. Cell Stem Cell. 2019;25:449–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bryche B, Baly C, Meunier N. Modulation of olfactory signal detection in the olfactory epithelium: focus on the internal and external environment, and the emerging role of the immune system. Cell Tissue Res. 2021;384:589–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lakshmanan HG, Miller E, White-Canale A, McCluskey LP. Immune responses in the injured olfactory and gustatory systems: a role in olfactory receptor neuron and taste bud regeneration? Chem Senses. 2022;47:1–19.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Imamura F, Hasegawa-Ishii S. Environmental toxicants-induced immune responses in olfactory mucosa. Front Immunol. 2016;7:475.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wellford SA, Moseman EA. Olfactory immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Cell Mol Immunol. 2024;21:134–43.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fokkens WJ, LundVJ, Hopkins C, Hellings PW, Kern R, Reitsma S, et al. European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps. Rhinology. 2020;58:1–464.

Orlandi RR, Kingdom TT, Smith TL, Bleier B, DeConde A, Luong A, et al. International consensus statement on rhinology and allergy: rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Aller Rhinol. 2021;11:213–39.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mullol J, Azar A, Buchheit KM, Hopkins C, Bernstein JA. Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: quality of life in the biologics era. J Aller Clin Immunol Pract. 2022;10:1434–53.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kato A, Schleimer RP, Bleier BS. Mechanisms and pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis. J Aller Clin Immunol. 2022;149:1491–503.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kowalski ML, Agache I, Bavbek S, Bakirtas A, Blanca M, Bochenek G, et al. Diagnosis and management of NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease (N-ERD)-a EAACI position paper. Allergy. 2019;74:8–39.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bachert C, Bhattacharyya N, Desrosiers M, Khan AH. Burden of disease in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. J Asthma Aller. 2021;14:127–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tokunaga T, Sakashita M, Haruna T, Asaka D, Takenno S, Ikeda H, et al. Novel scoring system and algorithm for classifying chronic rhinosinusitis: the JESREC study. Allergy. 2015;70:995–3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fokkens WJ, Lund V, Bachert C, Mullol J, Bjermer L, Bousquet J, et al. EUFOREA consensus on biologics for CRSwNP with or without asthma. Allergy. 2019;74:2312–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hummel T, Whitcroft KL, Andrews P, Altundag A, Cinghi C, Costanzo RM, et al. Position paper on olfactory dysfunction. Rhinology Suppl. 2017;54:1–30.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kohli P, Naik AN, Harruff EE, Nguyen SA, Schlosser RJ, Soler ZM. The prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis: olfactory dysfunction in chronic sinusitis. Laryngoscope. 2017;127:309–20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Macchi A, Giorli A, Cantone E, Pipolo GC, Arnone F, Barbone U, et al. Sense of smell in chronic rinosinusitis: a multicentric study on 811 patients. Front Aller. 2023;4:1083964.

Article  Google Scholar 

Simopoulos E, Katomichelakis M, Gouveris H, Tripsianis G, Livaditis M, Danielides V. Olfaction-associated quality of life in chronic rhinosinusitis: adaption and validation of an olfaction-specific questionnaire. Laryngoscope. 2012;122:1450–4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chung JH, Lee YJ, Kang TW, Kim KR, Jang DP, Kim IY, et al. Altered quality of life and psychological health (SCL-90-R) in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2015;124:663–70.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Passali GC, Passali D, Cingi C, Ciprandi G. Smell impairment in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis: a real-life study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2022;279:773–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Croy I, Nordin S, Hummel T. Olfactory disorders and quality of life-an updated review. Chem Senses. 2014;39:185–94.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

•• Litvack JR, Mace JC, Smith TL. Olfactory function and disease severity in chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol Aller. 2009;23:139–44. Loss of smell in chronic rhinosinusitis correlates with disease severity.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mullol J, Bachert C, Amin N, Desroisers M, Hellings PW, Han JK, et al. Olfactory outcomes with dupilumab in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. J Aller Clin Immunol Pract. 2022;10:1086–95.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mattos JL, Rudmik L, Schlosser RJ, Smith TL, Mace JC, Alt J, et al. Symptom importance, patient expectations, and satisfaction in chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Aller Rhinol. 2019;9:593–6.

Article  Google Scholar 

Haxel BR. Recovery of olfaction after sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis: a review. Laryngoscope. 2019;129:1053–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schlosser RJ, Mulligan JK, Hyer JM, Karnezis TT, Gudis DA, Soler ZM. Mucous cytokine levels in chronic rhinosinusitis-associated olfactory loss. JAMA Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg. 2016;142:731–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu J, Chandra RK, Li P, Hull BP, Turner JH. Olfactory and middle meatal cytokine levels correlate with olfactory function in chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope. 2018;128:E304–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

•• Soler ZM, Yoo F, Schlosser RJ, Mulligan J, Ramakrishnana VR, Beswick DM, et al. Correlation of mucus inflammatory proteins and olfaction in chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Aller Rhinol. 2020;10: 343–55. In chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) patients, elevated levels of Th2-driven proinflammatory cytokines in the mucus collected from the olfactory cleft have been associated with reduced scores for smell test identification.

Saraswathula A, Liu MM, Kulaga H, Lane AP. Chronic interleukin-13 expression in mouse olfactory mucosa results in regional aneuronal epithelium. Int Forum Aller Rhinol. 2023;13:230–41.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lavin J, Min JY, Lidder AK, Huang JH, Kato A, Lam K, et al. Superior turbinate eosinophilia correlates with olfactory deficit in chronic rhinosinusitis patients. Laryngoscope. 2017;127:2210–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu D, Li Y, Bleier BS, Wei Y. Superior turbinate eosinophilia predicts olfactory decline in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Ann Aller Asthma Immunol. 2020;125:304–10.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jaume F, Quintó L, Alobid I, Mullol J. Overuse of diagnostic tools and medications in acute rhinosinusitis in Spain: a population-based study (the PROSINUS study). BMJ Open. 2018;8:e018788.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stjärne P, Odelbäck P, Ställberg B, Lundberg J, Olsson P. High costs and burden illness in acute rhinosinusitis: real-life treatment patterns and outcomes in Swedish primary care. Prim Care Respir J. 2012;21:174–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jaume F, Valls-Mateus M, Mullol J. Common cold and acute rhinosinusitis: up-to-date management in 2020. Curr Aller Asthma Rep. 2020;20:28.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

•• Staudacher AG, Peters AT, Kato A, Stevens WW. Use of endotypes, phenotypes, and inflammatory markers to guide treatment decisions in chronic rhinosinusitis. Ann Aller Asthma Immunol. 2020;124:318–25. Description of the three inflammatory endotypes (type 1, type 2, and type 3) and their biomarkers.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Seiden AM. Postviral olfactory loss. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2004;37:1159–66.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu ZY, Vaira LA, Bosccolo-Rizzo P, Walker A, Hopkins C. Post-viral olfactory loss and parosmia BMJMED. 2023;2:e000382.

Google Scholar