aDivision of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA;

bDivision of Infectious Disease and Global Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA;

cDepartment of Community Health Systems, School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA;

dDepartment of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle; WA;

eInternational Training and Education Center for Health—South Africa, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa.

Correspondence to: Starley B. Shade, PhD, Division of Infectious Disease and Global Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 3rd Floor San Francisco, CA 94158 (e-mail: [email protected]).

This project was funded by the Cooperative Agreement U91HA06801 from the US Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) in support of the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). The contents of this article are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of HRSA or the US Government.

The authors have no funding or conflicts of interest to disclose.

The study procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), the Human Subjects Division at University of Washington, and the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) Research Ethics Committee in South Africa. The Policy, Planning, Research, Monitoring, and Evaluation Committee for the North West Provincial Department of Health also reviewed and approved the protocol. All procedures followed were in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000.