Owolabi M, Olowoyo P, Mocumbi A, Ogah OS, Odili A, Wahab K, et al. African Control of Hypertension through Innovative Epidemiology and a Vibrant Ecosystem (ACHIEVE): novel strategies for accelerating hypertension control in Africa. J Hum Hypertens. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41371-023-00828-8.

Bayaraa N, Azahar NM, Kitaoka K, Kobayashi Y, Yano Y. African Control of Hypertension through Innovative Epidemiology and a Vibrant Ecosystem (ACHIEVE): a holistic approach for hypertension control in Africa. J Hum Hypertens. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41371-023-00845-7.

Parati G, Lackland DT, Campbell NR, Ojo Owolabi M, Bavuma C, Mamoun Beheiry H, et al. How to improve awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Africa, and how to reduce its consequences: a call to action from the World Hypertension League. Hypertension. 2022;79:1949–61.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

WHO. HEARTS: Technical package for cardiovascular disease management in primary health care: risk-based CVD management. 2024. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240001367. Accessed 15 Jan 2024.

Owolabi M. Taming the burgeoning stroke epidemic in Africa: stroke quadrangle to the rescue. West Indian Med J. 2011;60:412–21.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yuyun MF, Sliwa K, Kengne AP, Mocumbi AO, Bukhman G. Cardiovascular diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa compared to high-income countries: an epidemiological perspective. Glob Heart. 2020;15:15.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sharma JR, Mabhida SE, Myers B, Apalata T, Nicol E, Benjeddou M, et al. Prevalence of hypertension and its associated risk factors in a rural Black population of Mthatha town, South Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:1215.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Akpa OM, Made F, Ojo A, Ovbiagele B, Adu D, Motala AA, et al. Regional patterns and association between obesity and hypertension in Africa: evidence from the H3Africa CHAIR study. Hypertension. 2020;75:1167–78.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension. Accessed 24 Aug 2023.

Adeloye D, Basquill C. Estimating the prevalence and awareness rates of hypertension in Africa: a systematic analysis. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e104300.

Article  ADS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Okwen PM, Maweu I, Grimmer K, Margarita Dizon J. Evaluation of all African clinical practice guidelines for hypertension: quality and opportunities for improvement. J Eval Clin Pract. 2019;25:565–74.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dzudie A, Twagirumukiza M, Cornick R, Abdou Ba S, Damasceno A, Rayner B, et al. Roadmap to achieve 25% hypertension control in Africa by 2025. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2017;28:262–73.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

https://www.misau.gov.mz/index.php/guioes-de-prevencao-e-de-cuidados-e-tratamento?download=142:guiao-de-implementacao. Accessed 17 Sept 2023.

Cruickshank JK, Mbanya JC, Wilks R, Balkau B, Forrester T, Anderson SG, et al. Hypertension in four African-origin populations: current ‘Rule of Halves’, quality of blood pressure control and attributable risk of cardiovascular disease. J Hypertens. 2001;19:41–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Okello S, Muhihi A, Mohamed SF, Ameh S, Ochimana C, Oluwasanu AO, et al. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control and predicted 10-year CVD risk: a cross-sectional study of seven communities in East and West Africa (SevenCEWA). BMC Public Health. 2020;20:1–13.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gumz ML, Shimbo D, Abdalla M, Balijepalli RC, Benedict C, Chen Y, et al. Toward precision medicine: circadian rhythm of blood pressure and chronotherapy for hypertension-2021 NHLBI workshop report. Hypertension. 2023;80:503–22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schutte AE, Jafar TH, Poulter NR, Damasceno A, Khan NA, Nilsson PM, et al. Addressing global disparities in blood pressure control: perspectives of the International Society of Hypertension. Cardiovasc Res. 2023;119:381–409.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sorato MM, Davari M, Kebriaeezadeh A, Sarrafzadegan N, Shibru T, Fatemi B. Reasons for poor blood pressure control in Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa: looking into 4P’s (primary care, professional, patient, and public health policy) for improving blood pressure control: a scoping review. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2021;21:1–15.

Article  Google Scholar 

https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension. Accessed 14 Sept 2023.

Mills KT, Stefanescu A, He J. The global epidemiology of hypertension. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020;16:223–37.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nojilana B, Schutte A, Abdelatif N, Cois A, Wentzel-Viljoen E, Turawa E, et al. Estimating the changing burden of disease attributable to high sodium intake in South Africa for 2000, 2006 and 2012. South Afr Med J. 2022;112:627–38.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/19/health/high-blood-pressure-who-report/index.html. Accessed 28 Sept 2023.

Kebede T, Taddese Z, Girma A. Knowledge, attitude and practices of lifestyle modification and associated factors among hypertensive patients on-treatment follow up at Yekatit 12 General Hospital in the largest city of East Africa: a prospective cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2022;17:e0262780.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Suvila K, Lima JA, Cheng S, Niiranen TJ. Clinical correlates of early-onset hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2021;34:915–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension#Overview. Accessed 14 Sept 2023.

Han B, Chen W, Li Y, Chen J, Zeng Z. Sleep and hypertension. Sleep Breath. 2020;24:351–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sutton V, Hites L, Graham J, Karimi M, Dove C, Walls T, et al. Targeting hypertension: working with rural barbershops to identify hypertension and encourage treatment. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2021;32:258–70.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frieden M, Zamba B, Mukumbi N, Mafaune PT, Makumbe B, Irungu E, et al. Setting up a nurse-led model of care for management of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in a high HIV prevalence context in rural Zimbabwe: a descriptive study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020;20:1–10.

Article  Google Scholar 

Menti A, Kalpourtzi N, Gavana M, Vantarakis A, Voulgari PV, Hadjichristodoulou C, et al. Opportunistic screening for hypertension: what does it say about the true epidemiology? J Hum Hypertens. 2022;36:364–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shin J, Konlan KD, Mensah E. Health promotion interventions for the control of hypertension in Africa, a systematic scoping review from 2011 to 2021. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0260411.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tavassoli E, Zolfaghari M. A18218 “Watch Out for Your Blood Pressure!” campaign is a reminder for critical role of public informing campaigns in hypertension awareness. J Hypertens. 2018;36:e344–e5.

Article  Google Scholar 

Rahimi K, Bidel Z, Nazarzadeh M, Copland E, Canoy D, Ramakrishnan R, et al. Pharmacological blood pressure lowering for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease across different levels of blood pressure: an individual participant-level data meta-analysis. Lancet. 2021;397:1625–36.

Article  Google Scholar 

Parati G, Stergiou GS, Bilo G, Kollias A, Pengo M, Ochoa JE, et al. Home blood pressure monitoring: methodology, clinical relevance and practical application: a 2021 position paper by the Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cardiovascular Variability of the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2021;39:1742.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Parati G, Ochoa JE, Lackland DT. Easier access to antihypertensive treatment: the key for improving blood pressure control in Sub-Saharan Africa? Am Heart Assoc. 2023;8:1624–7.

Teshome DF, Balcha SA, Ayele TA, Atnafu A, Sisay M, Asfaw MG, et al. Trained health extension workers correctly identify high blood pressure in rural districts of northwest Ethiopia: a diagnostic accuracy study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2022;22:375.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Byiringiro S, Ogungbe O, Commodore-Mensah Y, Adeleye K, Sarfo FS, Himmelfarb CR. Health systems interventions for hypertension management and associated outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. PLoS Glob Public Health. 2023;3:e0001794.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar