Iranzo A, Santamaria J, Tolosa E. Idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder: diagnosis, management, and the need for neuroprotective interventions. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15:405–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(16)00057-0.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Birgit H, Ambra S, Aleksandar V. Idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder and neurodegeneration — an update. Nat Rev Neurol. 2017;14(1):40–55. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2017.157.

Article  Google Scholar 

Berg D, Borghammer P, Fereshtehnejad SM, et al. Prodromal Parkinson disease subtypes — key to understanding heterogeneity. Nat Rev Neurol. 2021;17(6):349–61. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-021-00486-9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schenck C, Boeve B, Mahowald M. Delayed emergence of a parkinsonian disorder or dementia in 81% of older men initially diagnosed with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: a 16-year update on a previously reported series. Sleep Med. 2013;14:744–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2012.10.009.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Postuma RB, Gagnon JF, Bertrand JA, Marchand DG, Montplaisir JY. Parkinson risk in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder: preparing for neuroprotective trials. Neurology. 2015;84:1104–13. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000001364.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Iranzo A, Tolosa E, Gelpi E, et al. Neurodegenerative disease status and post-mortem pathology in idiopathic rapid-eye-movement sleep behavior disorder: an observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12:443–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70056-5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cova I, Priori A. Diagnostic biomarkers for Parkinson’s disease at a glance: where are we? J Neural Transm. 2018;125(10):1417–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-018-1910-4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huang T, Wang H, Tang G, et al. The influence of residual Nor-β-CFT in 11C CFT injection on the Parkinson disease diagnosis: a 11C CFT PET study. Clin Nucl Med. 2012;37(8):743–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0b013e31824c5fae.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rosano C, Metti AL, Rosso AL, Studenski S, Bohnen NI. Influence of striatal dopamine, cerebral small vessel disease, and other risk factors on age-related parkinsonian motor signs. J Gerontol A Biol. 2020;75(4):696–701. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glz161.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ba F, Martin WR. Dopamine transporter imaging as a diagnostic tool for parkinsonism and related disorders in clinical practice. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015;21:87–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.11.007.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rinne OJ, Nurmi E, Ruottinen HM, Bergman J, Eskola O, Solin O. [18F]FDOPA and [18F]CFT are both sensitive PET markers to detect presynaptic dopaminergic hypofunction in early Parkinson’s disease. Synapse. 2001;40(3):193–200.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Albin RL, Koeppe RA, Chervin RD, et al. Decreased striatal dopaminergic innervation in REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology. 2000;55:1410–2. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.55.9.1410.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Iranzo A, Lomena F, Stockner H, et al. Decreased striatal dopamine transporter uptake and substantia nigra hyperechogenicity as risk markers of synucleinopathy in patients with idiopathic rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder: a prospective study. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9:1070–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70216-7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huang Z, Jiang C, Li L, et al. Correlations between dopaminergic dysfunction and abnormal metabolic network activity in REM sleep behavior disorder. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2020;40(3):552–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678X19828916.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eisensehr I, Linke R, Noachtar S, et al. Reduced striatal dopamine transporters in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder: Comparison with Parkinson’s disease and controls. Brain. 2000;123:1155–60. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/123.6.1155.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim Y, Yoon I, Kim J, et al. The implication of nigrostriatal degeneration in the pathogenesis of REM sleep behavior disorder. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:487–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02854.x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rupprecht S, Walther B, Gudziol H, et al. Clinical markers of early nigrostriatal neurodegeneration in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Sleep Med. 2013;14:1064–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2013.06.008.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Iranzo A, Valldeoriola F, Lomena F, et al. Serial dopamine transporter imaging of nigrostriatal function in patients with idiopathic rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder: a prospective study. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(9):797–805. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70152-1.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Iranzo A, Santamaria J, Valldeoriola F, et al. Dopamine transporter imaging deficit predicts early transition to synucleinopathy in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Ann Neurol. 2017;82(3):419–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.25026.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stokholm MG, Iranzo A, Østergaard K, et al. Extrastriatal monoaminergic dysfunction and enhanced microglial activation in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder. Neurobiol Dis. 2018;115:9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2018.02.017.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lewis DA, Melchitzky DS, Sesack SR, Whitehead RE, Auh S, Sampson A. Dopamine transporter immunoreactivity in monkey cerebral cortex: regional, laminar, and ultrastructural localization. J Comp Neurol. 2001;432:119–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.1092.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Son SJ, Kim M, Park H. Imaging analysis of Parkinson’s disease patients using SPECT and tractography. Sci Rep. 2016;6:38070. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep38070.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sampedro F, Marín-Lahoz J, Martínez-Horta S, et al. Extrastriatal SPECT-DAT uptake correlates with clinical and biological features of de novo Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2021;97:120–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.10.016.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sateia MJ. International classification of sleep disorders-third edition: highlights and modifications. Chest. 2014;146(5):1387–94. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.14-0970.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Postuma RB, Berg D, Stern M, et al. MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2015;30:1591–601. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.26424.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McKeith IG, Dickson DW, Lowe J, et al. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: third report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology. 2005;65:1863–72. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000187889.17253.b1.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang T, Nie B, Liu H, Shan B. Unified spatial normalization method of brain PET images using adaptive probabilistic brain atlas. Eur J Nucl Med Mol I. 2022;49(9):3073–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-022-05752-6.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tzourio-Mazoyer N, Landeau B, Papathanassiou D, et al. Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain. Neuroimage. 2002;15(1):273–89. https://doi.org/10.1006/nimg.2001.0978.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sossi V, Holden JE, de la Fuente-Fernandez R, Ruth TJ, Stoessl AJ. Effect of dopamine loss and the metabolite 3-O-eethyl-[18F]fluoro-dopa on the relation between the 18F-fluorodopa tissue input uptake rate constant Kocc and the [18F]fluorodopa plasma input uptake rate constant Ki. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2003;23:301–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.WCB.0000050041.22945.3E.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rolls ET, Huang CC, Lin CP, Feng J, Joliot M. Automated anatomical labelling atlas 3. Neuroimage. 2020;206:116–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116189.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sjoerds Z, de Wit S, van den Brink W, et al. Behavioral and neuroimaging evidence for overreliance on habit learning in alcohol-dependent patients. Transl Psychiatry. 2013;3(12):e337. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2013.107.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhao Y, Wu P, Wu J, et al. Decoding the dopamine transporter imaging for the differential diagnosis of parkinsonism using deep learning. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2022;49:2798–811. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-022-05804-x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wu P, Zhao Y, Wu J, et al. Differential diagnosis of parkinsonism based on deep metabolic imaging indices. J Nucl Med. 2022;63(11):1741–7. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.121.263029.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jia X, Fan W, Wang Z, et al. Progressive prefrontal cortex dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease with probable REM sleep behavior disorder: a 3-year longitudinal study. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022; 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.750767.

Li Y, Kang W, Yang Q, et al. Predictive markers for early conversion of iRBD to neurodegenerative synucleinopathy diseases. Neurology. 2017;88(16):1493–500. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000003838.