Fan CQ, Crawford JM. Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (hepatic veno-occlusive disease). J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2014;4(4):332–46.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arai S. Long-awaited news for hepatic veno-occlusive disease. Blood. 2016;127(13):1630–1.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu F, Yu J, Gan H, Zhang H, Tian D, Zheng D. Timing and efficacy of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in patients with pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):21743.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang JY, Gao H. Tusanqi and hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome. J Dig Dis. 2014;15(3):105–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lin G, Wang JY, Li N, Li M, Gao H, Ji Y, et al. Hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome associated with consumption of Gynura segetum. J Hepatol. 2011;54(4):666–73.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Helmy A. Review article: updates in the pathogenesis and therapy of hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23(1):11–25.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang XQ, Ye J, Li X, Li Q, Song YH. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids-induced hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome: Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(28):3753–63.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhou CZ, Wang RF, Lv WF, Fu YQ, Cheng DL, Zhu YJ, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for pyrrolizidine alkaloid-related hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome. World J Gastroenterol. 2020;26(24):3472–83.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Peng C, Zhang X, Zhang F, Liu L, Shao Y, Xiang X, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of anticoagulation therapy for Pyrrolizidine alkaloids-induced hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome: a retrospective multicenter cohort study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;32(9):1168–78.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jiang M, Wang L, Du X, Hao M, Gao P. Low molecular weight heparin in the treatment of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome: five case reports. J Int Med Res. 2020;48(9):300060520961916.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang X, Zhang W, Zhang M, Zhang F, Xiao J, Yin Q, et al. Development of a drum tower severity scoring (DTSS) system for pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome. Hepatol Int. 2022;16:669.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang Y, Qiao D, Li Y, Xu F. Risk factors for hepatic veno-occlusive disease caused by Gynura segetum: a retrospective study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2018;18(1):156.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhuge YZ, Wang Y, Zhang F, Zhu CK, Zhang W, Zhang M, et al. Clinical characteristics and treatment of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-related hepatic vein occlusive disease. Liver Int. 2018;38(10):1867–74.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Loffroy R. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS): a major step forward for patients but a growing job for interventional radiologists! Diagn Interv Imaging. 2016;97(11):1069–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boyer TD. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: current status. Gastroenterology. 2003;124(6):1700–10.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Azoulay D, Castaing D, Lemoine A, Hargreaves GM, Bismuth H. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) for severe veno-occlusive disease of the liver following bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2000;25(9):987–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Annaloro C, Robbiolo L, Pozzoli E, Ibatici A, Nicolini A, Salerno F, et al. Four-year survival after trans-jugular intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt for veno-occlusive disease following autologous bone marrow transplantation. Leuk Lymphoma. 2004;45(7):1485–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Senzolo M, Riggio O, Primignani M. Italian association for the study of the liver ad h. Vascular disorders of the liver: recommendations from the Italian association for the study of the liver (AISF) ad hoc committee. Dig Liver Dis. 2011;43(7):503–14.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fagiuoli S, Bruno R, Debernardi Venon W, Schepis F, Vizzutti F, Toniutto P, et al. Consensus conference on TIPS management: techniques, indications, contraindications. Dig Liver Dis. 2017;49(2):121–37.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhuge Y, Liu Y, Xie W, Zou X, Xu J, Wang J, et al. Expert consensus on the clinical management of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;34(4):634–42.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rajesh S, George T, Philips CA, Ahamed R, Kumbar S, Mohan N, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in cirrhosis: an exhaustive critical update. World J Gastroenterol. 2020;26(37):5561–96.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Corbacioglu S, Carreras E, Ansari M, Balduzzi A, Cesaro S, Dalle JH, et al. Diagnosis and severity criteria for sinusoidal obstruction syndrome/veno-occlusive disease in pediatric patients: a new classification from the European society for blood and marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2018;53(2):138–45.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yoon JH, Yoo KH, Sung KW, Jung CW, Kim JS, Hahn SM, et al. Validation of treatment outcomes according to revised severity criteria from European society for blood and marrow transplantation (EBMT) for sinusoidal obstruction syndrome/veno-occlusive disease (SOS/VOD). Bone Marrow Transplant. 2019;54(8):1361–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xiao J, Tu J, Zhang H, Zhang F, Zhang W, Xu H, et al. Risk factors of poor prognosis in patients with pyrrolidine alkaloid-induced hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Hepatol Int. 2021;15(3):720–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Austin PC. An introduction to propensity score methods for reducing the effects of confounding in observational studies. Multivar Behav Res. 2011;46(3):399–424.

Article  Google Scholar 

Campos-Varela I, Castells L, Dopazo C, Perez-Lafuente M, Allende H, Len O, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for the treatment of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome in a liver transplant recipient and review of the literature. Liver Transpl. 2012;18(2):201–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhu L, Zhang CY, Li DP, Chen HB, Ma J, Gao H, et al. Tu-San-Qi (Gynura japonica): the culprit behind pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced liver injury in China. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2021;42(8):1212–22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Webster CR. Hemostatic disorders associated with hepatobiliary disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2017;47(3):601–15.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tripodi A, Caldwell SH, Hoffman M, Trotter JF, Sanyal AJ. Review article: the prothrombin time test as a measure of bleeding risk and prognosis in liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;26(2):141–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peng J, He G, Chen H, Kuang X. Study on correlation between coagulation indexes and disease progression in patients with cirrhosis. Am J Transl Res. 2021;13(5):4614–23.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yang M, Ruan J, Gao H, Li N, Ma J, Xue J, et al. First evidence of pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxide-induced hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome in humans. Arch Toxicol. 2017;91(12):3913–25.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang M, Ma J, Ruan J, Ye Y, Fu PP, Lin G. Intestinal and hepatic biotransformation of pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides to toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Arch Toxicol. 2019;93(8):2197–209.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu PF, Xie WF. Corticosteroid therapy in drug-induced liver injury: pros and cons. J Dig Dis. 2019;20(3):122–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhu H, Chu Y, Huo J, Chen Z, Yang L. Effect of prednisone on transforming growth factor-beta1, connective tissue growth factor, nuclear factor-kappaBp65 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in a murine model of hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome induced by Gynura segetum. Hepatol Res. 2011;41(8):795–803.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang L, Li Q, Makamure J, Zhao D, Liu Z, Zheng C, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome associated with consumption of Gynura segetum. BMC Gastroenterol. 2021;21(1):26.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vizzutti F, Schepis F, Arena U, Fanelli F, Gitto S, Aspite S, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS): current indications and strategies to improve the outcomes. Intern Emerg Med. 2020;15(1):37–48.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Trebicka J, Macnaughtan J, Schnabl B, Shawcross DL, Bajaj JS. The microbiota in cirrhosis and its role in hepatic decompensation. J Hepatol. 2021;75(Suppl 1):S67–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed