aInstitute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas

bDepartment of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA

cHuman Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology

dGraduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

eDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA

Correspondence to Rong Zhang, PhD, 7232 Greenville Ave, Dallas, TX 75231, USA. Tel: +1 (214) 345-4670; fax: +1 (214) 345-4618; e-mail: [email protected]

Abbreviations: CBF, cerebral blood flow; CCA, common carotid artery; cfPWV, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; CSVD, cerebral small vessel disease; GM, gray matter; MMSE, Mini-Mental State; TBV, Total brain volume; TCD, transcranial Doppler; WMH, white matter hyperintensity

Received 12 December, 2022

Revised 23 January, 2023

Accepted 7 February, 2023

Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal's Website (http://www.jhypertension.com).