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Conceptualization, C.Z.; Methodology, P.X.; Software, J.J.; Validation, C.Z., Q.J. and X.W.; Formal Analysis, X.W.; Investigation, J.J.; Resources, Q.J.; Data Curation, P.X.; Writing—Original Draft Preparation, C.Z.; Writing—Review and Editing, C.Z. and P.X; Visualization, J.J.; Supervision, J.J. and Q.J.; Project Administration, C.Z.; Funding Acquisition, Q.J. and X.W.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Figure 1. The mechanism of ZHD.
Figure 1. The mechanism of ZHD.
Figure 2. Effects of pH on initial rates of ZEN degradation.
Figure 2. Effects of pH on initial rates of ZEN degradation.
Figure 3. Effects of ZHD dosage on initial rate of ZEN degradation.
Figure 3. Effects of ZHD dosage on initial rate of ZEN degradation.
Figure 4. Effect of ZEN concentration on initial rate of ZEN degradation.
Figure 4. Effect of ZEN concentration on initial rate of ZEN degradation.
Figure 5. Reciprocal initial reaction rate versus reciprocal ZEN concentration.
Figure 5. Reciprocal initial reaction rate versus reciprocal ZEN concentration.
Figure 6. Effect of temperature on initial rate of ZEN degradation.
Figure 6. Effect of temperature on initial rate of ZEN degradation.
Figure 7. Arrhenius plot to calculate activation energy Ea of ZHD.
Figure 7. Arrhenius plot to calculate activation energy Ea of ZHD.
Figure 8. HPLC-MS TIC of ZEN in DCO before reaction. ((A), the chromatogram of ZEN, and (B), the mass spectrum of ZEN).
Figure 8. HPLC-MS TIC of ZEN in DCO before reaction. ((A), the chromatogram of ZEN, and (B), the mass spectrum of ZEN).
Figure 9. HPLC-MS chromatogram of zearalenone (A) and zearalenone hydrolysate (B,C) (ES-scan mode).
Figure 9. HPLC-MS chromatogram of zearalenone (A) and zearalenone hydrolysate (B,C) (ES-scan mode).
Figure 10. HPLC-MS mass spectrum of zearalenone hydrolysates (ESI-scanning mode). ((A), HPLC-MS mass spectrum of water-added product and (B), HPLC-MS mass spectrum of decarboxylation product).
Figure 10. HPLC-MS mass spectrum of zearalenone hydrolysates (ESI-scanning mode). ((A), HPLC-MS mass spectrum of water-added product and (B), HPLC-MS mass spectrum of decarboxylation product).
Figure 11. HPLC-MS chromatogram of zearalenone hydrolysate (ESI + scan mode).
Figure 11. HPLC-MS chromatogram of zearalenone hydrolysate (ESI + scan mode).
Figure 12. Identification of hydrolysates with retention time of 6.30 min (ESI + scan mode).
Figure 12. Identification of hydrolysates with retention time of 6.30 min (ESI + scan mode).
Figure 13. Identification of hydrolysates with retention time of 8.13 min (ESI + scan mode).
Figure 13. Identification of hydrolysates with retention time of 8.13 min (ESI + scan mode).
Figure 14. Degradation pathway of ZEN by ZHD.
Figure 14. Degradation pathway of ZEN by ZHD.
Table 1. Estimation solution by Wilkinson statistical method.
Table 1. Estimation solution by Wilkinson statistical method.
[S]VX = V2Y = V2/[S]VXX2VYXYY25000.040.0016633.33 × 10−66.78 × 10−52.76 × 10−61.356 × 10−75.529 × 10−91.106 × 10−1110000.080.0071567.16 × 10−60.61 × 10−45.12 × 10−56.053 × 10−75.120 × 10−85.120 × 10−1130000.210.0447011.49 × 10−50.00950.001993.150 × 10−66.660 × 10−72.220 × 10−1050000.270.0727981.46 × 10−50.01960.00533.928 × 10−61.059 × 10−62.119 × 10−1070000.380.1439072.06 × 10−50.05460.02077.798 × 10−62.958 × 10−64.226 × 10−10Σ 0.08440.02811.561 × 10−54.741 × 10−69.189 × 10−10code αβγδεTable 2. Exact solution by Wilkinson statistical method.
Table 2. Exact solution by Wilkinson statistical method.
[S][S] + Km0Vm[S]ff`f2f`fvfvf`50011,551.78476.90.0413−3.574 × 10−60.00171.277 × 10−11−1.475 × 10−70.00168100012,051.78953.80.0791−6.567 × 10−60.00634.312 × 10−11−5.197 × 10−70.00669300014,051.782861.40.2036−1.449 × 10−50.04152.100 × 10−10−2.951 × 10−60.04305500016,051.7847690.2971−1.851 × 10−50.08833.420 × 10−10−5.499 × 10−60.08016700018,051.786676.60.3699−2.049 × 10−50.13684.198 × 10−10−7.578 × 10−60.14030Σ 0.27451.028 × 10−9−1.669 × 10−50.27189code α`β`γ`δ`ε`Table 3. Thermodynamic parameters for ZEN degradation by ZHD.
Table 3. Thermodynamic parameters for ZEN degradation by ZHD.
Temp. (°C)Kcat
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