Batsis JA, Villareal DT (2018) Sarcopenic obesity in older adults: aetiology, epidemiology and treatment strategies. Nat Rev Endocrinol 14:513–537. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-018-0062-9

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Prado CM, Batsis JA, Donini LM et al (2024) Sarcopenic obesity in older adults: a clinical overview. Nat Rev Endocrinol 20:261–277. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-023-00943-z

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Roh E, Choi KM (2020) Health consequences of sarcopenic obesity: a narrative review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 11:1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00332

Article  Google Scholar 

Donini LM, Busetto L, Bischoff SC et al (2022) Definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity: ESPEN and EASO Consensus Statement. Obes Facts 15:321–335. https://doi.org/10.1159/000521241

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Colao A, Grasso LFS, Giustina A et al (2019) Acromegaly. Nat Rev Dis Primers. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0071-6. 5:

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giustina A, Biermasz N, Casanueva FF et al (2024) Consensus on criteria for acromegaly diagnosis and remission. Pituitary 27:7–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-023-01360-1

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giustina A, Barkan A, Beckers A et al (2020) A Consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of Acromegaly comorbidities: an update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 105:937–946. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgz096/5586717

Article  Google Scholar 

Boguszewski CL (2020) Acromegaly: you must know it to think of it. Eur J Endocrinol 183:C1–C4. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-20-0281

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Milioto A, Corica G, Nista F et al (2024) Skeletal muscle evaluation in patients with acromegaly. J Endocr Soc 8. https://doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvae032

Guo X, Gao L, Shi X et al (2018) Pre- and Postoperative Body Composition and Metabolic Characteristics in Patients with Acromegaly: A Prospective Study. Int J Endocrinol 2018:. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4125013

Reid TJ, Jin Z, Shen W et al (2015) IGF-1 levels across the spectrum of normal to elevated in acromegaly: relationship to insulin sensitivity, markers of cardiovascular risk and body composition. Pituitary 18:808–819. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-015-0657-2

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Coskun Meric S, Halit C, Mahi et al (2023) Assessment of forearm muscles with ultrasound shear wave elastography in patients with acromegaly. Pituitary 26:716–724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-023-01352-1

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Freda PU (2022) The acromegaly lipodystrophy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.933039

Martel-Duguech L, Alonso-Pérez J, Bascuñana H et al (2021) Intramuscular fatty infiltration and physical function in controlled acromegaly. Eur J Endocrinol 185:167–177. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-21-0209

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lopes AA, Albuquerque L, Fontes M et al (2022) Body composition in Acromegaly according to Disease activity– performance of dual X-Ray Absorptiometry and Multifrequency Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.866099

Giustina A, di Filippo L, Uygur MM, Frara S (2023) Modern approach to resistant acromegaly. Endocrine 80:303–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-023-03317-7

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dympna Gallagher SB, Heymsfield M, Heo et al (2000) Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index. Am Soc Clin Nutr 72:694–701. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/72.3.694

Article  Google Scholar 

Batsis JA, Barre LK, Mackenzie TA et al (2013) Variation in the prevalence of Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in older adults associated with different research definitions: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004. J Am Geriatr Soc 61:974–980. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12260

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J et al (2019) Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing 48:16–31. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afy169

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Freire AN, Guerra RO, Alvarado B et al (2012) Validity and reliability of the short physical performance battery in two diverse older adult populations in Quebec and Brazil. J Aging Health 24:863–878. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264312438551

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

TAN K, WHO expert consultation (2004) Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet 363:157–163

Article  Google Scholar 

Imboden MT, Welch WA, Swartz AM et al (2017) Reference standards for body fat measures using GE dual energy x-ray absorptiometry in caucasian adults. PLoS ONE 12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175110

Soh BLP, Lee SY, Wong WY et al (2022) Body composition reference values in Singaporean adults using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry—the Yishun study. PLoS ONE 17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276434

Lucidi P, Laureti S, Santoni S et al (2000) Administration of recombinant human growth hormone on alternate days is sufficient to increase whole body protein synthesis and lipolysis in growth hormone deficient adults. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 52:173–179. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2000.00910.x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Katznelson L (2009) Alterations in body composition in acromegaly. Pituitary 12:136–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-008-0104-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nagulesparen M, Trickey R, Davies MJ, Jenkins JS (1976) Muscle changes in acromegaly. Br Med J 2:914–915. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.6041.914

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Reyes-Vidal CM, Mojahed H, Shen W et al (2015) Adipose tissue redistribution and ectopic lipid deposition in active acromegaly and effects of surgical treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100:2946–2955. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-1917

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Min KB, Min JY (2015) Android and gynoid fat percentages and serum lipid levels in United States adults. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 82:377–387. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.12505

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wiklund P, Toss F, Weinehall L et al (2008) Abdominal and gynoid fat mass are associated with cardiovascular risk factors in men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:4360–4366. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-0804

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhu K, Walsh JP, Murray K et al (2022) DXA-Derived vs Standard Anthropometric Measures for Predicting Cardiometabolic Risk in Middle-aged Australian men and women. J Clin Densitometry 25:299–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2022.01.006

Article  Google Scholar 

Vasan SK, Osmond C, Canoy D et al (2018) Comparison of regional fat measurements by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and conventional anthropometry and their association with markers of diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk. Int J Obes 42:850–857. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2017.289

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cimolin V, Premoli C, Bernardelli G et al (2024) ACROMORFO study: gait analysis in a cohort of acromegalic patients. J Endocrinol Invest 47:2469–2476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-024-02340-3

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lopes AJ, da Silva DPG, Kasuki L et al (2014) Posture and balance control in patients with acromegaly: results of a cross-sectional study. Gait Posture 40:154–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.03.014

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Füchtbauer L, Olsson DS, Bengtsson B-Å et al (2017) Muscle strength in patients with acromegaly at diagnosis and during long-term Follow-up. Short title: muscle function in Acromegaly authors. Eur Soc Endocrinol 177:217–226. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-17-0120

Article  Google Scholar 

Purcell SA, Mackenzie M, Barbosa-Silva TG et al (2021) Prevalence of sarcopenic obesity using different definitions and the relationship with strength and physical performance in the Canadian longitudinal study of aging. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.583825. Front Physiol 11:

Moreira MA, Zunzunegui MV, Vafaei A et al (2016) Sarcopenic obesity and physical performance in middle aged women: a cross-sectional study in Northeast Brazil. BMC Public Health 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2667-4

da Silva LSL, Abdalla PP, Marcos-Pardo PJ et al (2024) Sarcopenic obesity does not impair lower limb strength and physical performance in sufficiently active older adults: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep 14.