Boada-Romero E, Martinez J, Heckmann BL, Green DR. The clearance of dead cells by efferocytosis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2020;21:398–414.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Huppertz B, Kadyrov M, Kingdom JC. Apoptosis and its role in the trophoblast. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195:29–39.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shankman LS, Fleury ST, Evans WB, Penberthy KK, Arandjelovic S, Blumberg RS, Agaisse H, Ravichandran KS. Efferocytosis by Paneth cells within the intestine. Curr Biol. 2021;31:2469-2476 e2465.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Monks J, Smith-Steinhart C, Kruk ER, Fadok VA, Henson PM. Epithelial cells remove apoptotic epithelial cells during post-lactation involution of the mouse mammary gland. Biol Reprod. 2008;78:586–94.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tajbakhsh A, Rezaee M, Kovanen PT, Sahebkar A. Efferocytosis in atherosclerotic lesions: Malfunctioning regulatory pathways and control mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther. 2018;188:12–25.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Elliott MR, Chekeni FB, Trampont PC, Lazarowski ER, Kadl A, Walk SF, Park D, Woodson RI, Ostankovich M, Sharma P, et al. Nucleotides released by apoptotic cells act as a find-me signal to promote phagocytic clearance. Nature. 2009;461:282–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gude DR, Alvarez SE, Paugh SW, Mitra P, Yu J, Griffiths R, Barbour SE, Milstien S, Spiegel S. Apoptosis induces expression of sphingosine kinase 1 to release sphingosine-1-phosphate as a “come-and-get-me” signal. FASEB J. 2008;22:2629–38.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lauber K, Bohn E, Kröber SM, Xiao YJ, Blumenthal SG, Lindemann RK, Marini P, Wiedig C, Zobywalski A, Baksh S, et al. Apoptotic cells induce migration of phagocytes via caspase-3-mediated release of a lipid attraction signal. Cell. 2003;113:717–30.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lee HJ, Ko HJ, Song DK, Jung YJ. Lysophosphatidylcholine promotes phagosome maturation and regulates inflammatory mediator production through the protein kinase A-phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway during mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mouse macrophages. Front Immunol. 2018;9:920.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Truman LA, Ford CA, Pasikowska M, Pound JD, Wilkinson SJ, Dumitriu IE, Melville L, Melrose LA, Ogden CA, Nibbs R, et al. CX3CL1/fractalkine is released from apoptotic lymphocytes to stimulate macrophage chemotaxis. Blood. 2008;112:5026–36.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Birge RB, Boeltz S, Kumar S, Carlson J, Wanderley J, Calianese D, Barcinski M, Brekken RA, Huang X, Hutchins JT, et al. Phosphatidylserine is a global immunosuppressive signal in efferocytosis, infectious disease, and cancer. Cell Death Differ. 2016;23:962–78.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Naeini MB, Bianconi V, Pirro M, Sahebkar A. The role of phosphatidylserine recognition receptors in multiple biological functions. Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2020;25:23.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Park SY, Kim IS. Engulfment signals and the phagocytic machinery for apoptotic cell clearance. Exp Mol Med. 2017;49:e331.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Myers KV, Amend SR, Pienta KJ. Targeting Tyro3, Axl and MerTK (TAM receptors): implications for macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. Mol Cancer. 2019;18:94.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hanayama R, Tanaka M, Miwa K, Shinohara A, Iwamatsu A, Nagata S. Identification of a factor that links apoptotic cells to phagocytes. Nature. 2002;417:182–7.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kumar S, Birge RB. Efferocytosis. Curr Biol. 2016;26:R558–9.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yang S, Min C, Moon H, Moon B, Lee J, Jeon J, Kwon H, Jang D, Park D. Internalization of apoptotic cells during efferocytosis requires Mertk-mediated calcium influx. Cell Death Dis. 2023;14:391.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Levin R, Grinstein S, Canton J. The life cycle of phagosomes: formation, maturation, and resolution. Immunol Rev. 2016;273:156–79.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Elliott MR, Koster KM, Murphy PS. Efferocytosis signaling in the regulation of macrophage inflammatory responses. J Immunol. 2017;198:1387–94.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mehrotra P, Ravichandran KS. Drugging the efferocytosis process: concepts and opportunities. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2022;21:601–20.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cekic C, Linden J. Purinergic regulation of the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol. 2016;16:177–92.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Noda M, Doi Y, Liang J, Kawanokuchi J, Sonobe Y, Takeuchi H, Mizuno T, Suzumura A. Fractalkine attenuates excito-neurotoxicity via microglial clearance of damaged neurons and antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase-1 expression. J Biol Chem. 2011;286:2308–19.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

White GE, Tan TC, John AE, Whatling C, McPheat WL, Greaves DR. Fractalkine has anti-apoptotic and proliferative effects on human vascular smooth muscle cells via epidermal growth factor receptor signalling. Cardiovasc Res. 2010;85:825–35.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Engel DR, Krause TA, Snelgrove SL, Thiebes S, Hickey MJ, Boor P, Kitching AR, Kurts C. CX3CR1 reduces kidney fibrosis by inhibiting local proliferation of profibrotic macrophages. J Immunol. 2015;194:1628–38.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Weis N, Weigert A, von Knethen A, Brüne B. Heme oxygenase-1 contributes to an alternative macrophage activation profile induced by apoptotic cell supernatants. Mol Biol Cell. 2009;20:1280–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Weigert A, Tzieply N, von Knethen A, Johann AM, Schmidt H, Geisslinger G, Brüne B. Tumor cell apoptosis polarizes macrophages role of sphingosine-1-phosphate. Mol Biol Cell. 2007;18:3810–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Johann AM, Weigert A, Eberhardt W, Kuhn AM, Barra V, von Knethen A, Pfeilschifter JM, Brüne B. Apoptotic cell-derived sphingosine-1-phosphate promotes HuR-dependent cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA stabilization and protein expression. J Immunol. 2008;180:1239–48.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Luo B, Gan W, Liu Z, Shen Z, Wang J, Shi R, Liu Y, Liu Y, Jiang M, Zhang Z, Wu Y. Erythropoeitin signaling in macrophages promotes dying cell clearance and immune tolerance. Immunity. 2016;44:287–302.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sun H, Sun S, Chen G, Xie H, Yu S, Lin X, Qian J, Mao C, Peng H, Chen H, et al. Ceramides and sphingosine-1-phosphate mediate the distinct effects of M1/M2-macrophage infusion on liver recovery after hepatectomy. Cell Death Dis. 2021;12:324.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS