Faraone SV, Banaschewski T, Coghill D, Zheng Y, Biederman J, Bellgrove MA, Newcorn JH, Gignac M, Al Saud NM, Manor I, et al. The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 evidence-based conclusions about the disorder. Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews. 2021;128:789–818.

Article  Google Scholar 

What is ADHD?. https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/adhd/what-is-adhd.

Ingeborgrud CB, Oerbeck B, Friis S, Zeiner P, Pripp AH, Aase H, Biele G, Dalsgaard S, Overgaard KR. Anxiety and depression from age 3 to 8 years in children with and without ADHD symptoms. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):15376.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ouyang L, Fang X, Mercy J, Perou R, Grosse SD. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder symptoms and child maltreatment: a Population-based study. J Pediatr. 2008;153(6):851–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hargitai LD, Livingston LA, Waldren LH, Robinson R, Jarrold C, Shah P. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder traits are a more important predictor of internalising problems than autistic traits. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):31.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Morales-Muñoz I, Mallikarjun PK, Chandan JS, Thayakaran R, Upthegrove R, Marwaha S. Impact of anxiety and depression across childhood and adolescence on adverse outcomes in young adulthood: a UK birth cohort study. Br J Psychiatry. 2023;222(5):212–20.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Keen R, Chen JT, Slopen N, Sandel M, Copeland WE, Tiemeier H. Prospective associations of Childhood Housing Insecurity with anxiety and depression symptoms during Childhood and Adulthood. JAMA Pediatr. 2023;177(8):818–26.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nelson CA, Scott RD, Bhutta ZA, Harris NB, Danese A, Samara M. Adversity in childhood is linked to mental and physical health throughout life. BMJ. 2020;371:m3048.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Anxiety. Disorders - Facts & Statistics. https://adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/facts-statistics.

Anxiety and Depression in Children. https://adaa.org/find-help/by-demographics/children/anxiety-and-depression.

Kalin NH. The critical relationship between anxiety and depression. In., vol. 177: Am Psychiatric Assoc; 2020: 365–367.

Katon W, Roy-Byrne P. Anxiety disorders: efficient screening is the first step in improving outcomes. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(5):390–2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kerper L, Spies C, Tillinger J, Wegscheider K, Salz A-L, Weiss-Gerlach E, Neumann T, Krampe H. Screening for depression, anxiety and general psychological distress in preoperative surgical patients: a psychometric analysis of the Patient Health Questionnaire 4 (PHQ-4). Clin Health Promot. 2014;4(1):5–14.

Google Scholar 

Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Löwe B. An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: the PHQ–4. Psychosomatics. 2009;50(6):613–21.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Löwe B, Wahl I, Rose M, Spitzer C, Glaesmer H, Wingenfeld K, Schneider A, Brähler E. A 4-item measure of depression and anxiety: validation and standardization of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) in the general population. J Affect Disord. 2010;122(1–2):86–95.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mills SD, Fox RS, Pan TM, Malcarne VL, Roesch SC, Sadler GR. Psychometric evaluation of the patient health questionnaire–4 in hispanic americans. Hispanic J Behav Sci. 2015;37(4):560–71.

Article  Google Scholar 

Zablotsky B, Weeks JD, Terlizzi EP, Madans JH, Blumberg SJ. Assessing anxiety and depression: a comparison of national health interview survey measures. 2022.

Garber J, Weersing VR. Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in Youth: implications for treatment and Prevention. Clin Psychol (New York). 2010;17(4):293–306.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brady EU, Kendall PC. Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents. Psychol Bull. 1992;111(2):244.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cummings CM, Caporino NE, Kendall PC. Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: 20 years after. Psychol Bull. 2014;140(3):816.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Whalen DJ, Sylvester CM, Luby JL. Depression and anxiety in preschoolers: a review of the past 7 years. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2017;26(3):503–22.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Norms, CotSoCBHS, Board on Behavioral Cg, and, Sciences S. Education DoBaSSa, National Academies of Sciences Eg, and Medicine: ending discrimination against people with Mental and Substance Use disorders: the evidence for Stigma Change. In, edn.; 2016.

Stuart JHB, Mavis A. Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: a review of reviews. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(11):886.

Article  Google Scholar 

Chan YS, Jang JT, Ho CS. Effects of physical exercise on children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biomed J. 2022;45(2):265–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mehren A, Reichert M, Coghill D, Müller HHO, Braun N, Philipsen A. Physical exercise in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder - evidence and implications for the treatment of borderline personality disorder. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul. 2020;7:1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chan Y-S, Jang J-T, Ho C-S. Effects of physical exercise on children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biomedical J. 2022;45(2):265–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li D, Li L, Zang W, Wang D, Miao C, Li C, Zhou L, Yan J. Effect of physical activity on attention in school-age children with ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Physiol. 2023;14:1189443.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Graham J, Coghill D. Adverse effects of pharmacotherapies for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: epidemiology, prevention and management. CNS Drugs. 2008;22:213–37.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Putukian M, Kreher JB, Coppel DB, Glazer JL, McKeag DB, White RD. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and the athlete: an American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement. Clin J Sport Med. 2011;21(5):392–400.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

The influence of ADHD medication on physiologic processes. and exercise. https://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php?title=The_influence_of_ADHD_medication_on_physiologic_processes_and_exerciseoldid=174388.

De Sousa A, Kalra G. Drug therapy of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: current trends. Mens Sana Monogr. 2012;10(1):45–69.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mechler K, Banaschewski T, Hohmann S, Häge A. Evidence-based pharmacological treatment options for ADHD in children and adolescents. Pharmacol Ther. 2022;230:107940.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gonzalez NA, Sakhamuri N, Athiyaman S, Randhi B, Gutlapalli SD, Pu J, Zaidi MF, Patel M, Atluri LM. Arcia Franchini AP: a systematic review of yoga and meditation for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder in children. Cureus. 2023;15(3):e36143.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Meppelink R, de Bruin EI, Bögels SM. Meditation or medication? Mindfulness training versus medication in the treatment of childhood ADHD: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16:1–16.

Article  Google Scholar 

Pang L, Sareen R. Retrospective analysis of adverse events associated with non-stimulant ADHD medications reported to the United States food and drug administration. Psychiatry Res. 2021;300:113861.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pearce M, Garcia L, Abbas A, Strain T, Schuch FB, Golubic R, Kelly P, Khan S, Utukuri M, Laird Y, et al. Association between Physical Activity and Risk of Depression: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2022;79(6):550–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bustamante EE, Santiago-Rodríguez ME, Ramer JD. Unlocking the Promise of Physical Activity for Mental Health Promotion. JAMA Pediatr. 2023;177(2):111–3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang L, Bo A, Lu W. To unfold the immigrant Paradox: Maltreatment Risk and Mental Health of racial-ethnic minority children. Front Public Health 2021, 9.

Yoshikawa H, Kholoptseva J, Suárez-Orozco C. The role of Public policies and Community-based organizations in the developmental consequences of parent undocumented status and commentaries. Social Policy Rep. 2013;27(3):1–24.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sim A, Georgiades K. Neighbourhood and family correlates of immigrant children’s mental health: a population-based cross-sectional study in Canada. BMC Psychiatry. 2022;22(1):447.