Trunz, B. B., Fine, P. & Dye, C. Effect of BCG vaccination on childhood tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis worldwide: a meta-analysis and assessment of cost-effectiveness. Lancet 367, 1173–1180 (2006).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Darrah, P. A. et al. Prevention of tuberculosis in macaques after intravenous BCG immunization. Nature 577, 95–102 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dijkman, K. et al. Disparate tuberculosis disease development in macaque species is associated with innate immunity. Front. Immunol. 10, 2479 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yamazaki-Nakashimada, M. A., Unzueta, A., Berenise Gamez-Gonzalez, L., Gonzalez-Saldana, N. & Sorensen, R. U. BCG: a vaccine with multiple faces. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 16, 1841–1850 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hesseling, A. C. et al. The risk of disseminated Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) disease in HIV-infected children. Vaccine 25, 14–18 (2007).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jouanguy, E. et al. Interferon-ɣ–receptor deficiency in an infant with fatal Bacille Calmette–Guerin infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 335, 1956–1961 (1996).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Conti, F. et al. Mycobacterial disease in patients with chronic granulomatous disease: a retrospective analysis of 71 cases. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 138, 241–248.e3 (2016).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alexandroff, A. B., Jackson, A. M., O’Donnell, M. A. & James, K. BCG immunotherapy of bladder cancer: 20 years on. Lancet 353, 1689–1694 (1999).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gonzalez, O. Y. et al. Spectrum of Bacille Calmette–Guerin (BCG) infection after intravesical BCG immunotherapy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 36, 140–148 (2003).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kawai, K., Miyazaki, J., Joraku, A., Nishiyama, H. & Akaza, H. Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy for bladder cancer: current understanding and perspectives on engineered BCG vaccine. Cancer Sci. 104, 22–27 (2013).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu, Y., Lu, J., Huang, Y. & Ma, L. Clinical spectrum of complications induced by intravesical immunotherapy of Bacillus Calmette–Guerin for bladder cancer. J. Oncol. 2019, 6230409 (2019).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ehrt, S. et al. Controlling gene expression in mycobacteria with anhydrotetracycline and Tet repressor. Nucleic Acids Res. 33, e21 (2005).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim, J. H. et al. A genetic strategy to identify targets for the development of drugs that prevent bacterial persistence. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 19095–19100 (2013).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Klotzsche, M., Ehrt, S. & Schnappinger, D. Improved tetracycline repressors for gene silencing in mycobacteria. Nucleic Acids Res. 37, 1778–1788 (2009).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Catalao, M. J. & Pimentel, M. Mycobacteriophage lysis enzymes: targeting the mycobacterial cell envelope. Viruses 10, 428 (2018).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ford, M. E., Sarkis, G. J., Belanger, A. E., Hendrix, R. W. & Hatfull, G. F. Genome structure of mycobacteriophage D29: implications for phage evolution. J. Mol. Biol. 279, 143–164 (1998).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boldrin, F. et al. Development of a repressible mycobacterial promoter system based on two transcriptional repressors. Nucleic Acids Res. 38, e134 (2010).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Krueger, C., Berens, C., Schmidt, A., Schnappinger, D. & Hillen, W. Single-chain Tet transregulators. Nucleic Acids Res. 31, 3050–3056 (2003).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Du Bruyn, E. et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD4 T cells expressing CD153 inversely associate with bacterial load and disease severity in human tuberculosis. Mucosal Immunol. 14, 491–499 (2021).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sallin, M. A. et al. Host resistance to pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection requires CD153 expression. Nat. Microbiol. 3, 1198–1205 (2018).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maiello, P. et al. Rhesus macaques are more susceptible to progressive tuberculosis than cynomolgus macaques: a quantitative comparison. Infect. Immun. 86, e00505–e00517 (2018).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

White, A. G. et al. Analysis of 18FDG PET/CT imaging as a tool for studying Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and treatment in non-human primates. J. Vis. Exp. 5, 56375 (2017).

Google Scholar 

Lange, C. et al. 100 years of Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette–Guerin. Lancet Infect. Dis. 22, e2–e12 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hassanzad, M., Valinejadi, A., Darougar, S., Hashemitari, S. K. & Velayati, A. A. Disseminated Bacille Calmette–Guerin infection at a glance: a mini review of the literature. Adv. Respir. Med. 87, 239–242 (2019).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Darrah, P. A. et al. Airway T cells are a correlate of i.v. Bacille Calmette–Guerin-mediated protection against tuberculosis in rhesus macaques. Cell Host Microbe 31, 962–977.e8 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sakai, S., Mayer-Barber, K. D. & Barber, D. L. Defining features of protective CD4 T cell responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 29, 137–142 (2014).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chapman, J., Goyal, A. & Azevedo, A. M. Splenomegaly (StatPearls Publishing, 2024).

Larson, E. C. et al. Intravenous Bacille Calmette–Guerin vaccination protects simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques from tuberculosis. Nat. Microbiol. 8, 2080–2092 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rodgers, M. A. et al. Preexisting simian immunodeficiency virus infection increases susceptibility to tuberculosis in Mauritian cynomolgus macaques. Infect. Immun. 86, e00565-18 (2018).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mittrucker, H. W. et al. Poor correlation between BCG vaccination-induced T cell responses and protection against tuberculosis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 12434–12439 (2007).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pym, A. S. et al. Recombinant BCG exporting ESAT-6 confers enhanced protection against tuberculosis. Nat. Med. 9, 533–539 (2003).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ford, C. B. et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutation rate estimates from different lineages predict substantial differences in the emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Nat. Genet. 45, 784–790 (2013).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central