2022–24 Mpox outbreak: global trends. geneva: World Health Organization, 2024. Available online: https://worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io/mpx_global/. Accessed 11 Oct 2024

Aden D, Zaheer S, Kumar R, Ranga S (2023) Monkeypox (Mpox) outbreak during COVID-19 pandemic—past and the future. J Med Virol 95:e28701

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adler H, Gould S, Hine P, Snell LB, Wong W, Houlihan CF, Osborne JC, Rampling T, Beadsworth MB, Duncan CJ (2022) Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: a retrospective observational study in the UK. Lancet Infect Dis 22:1153–1162

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Adler H, Taggart R (2022) Monkeypox exposure during pregnancy: what does UK public health guidance advise? Lancet 400:1509

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ajman F, Alenezi S, Alhasan K, Saddik B, Alhaboob A, Altawil, ES, ... Temsah MH (2022) Healthcare workers’ worries and monkeypox vaccine advocacy during the first month of the WHO monkeypox alert: cross-sectional survey in Saudi Arabia. Vaccines 10(9)

Alakunle E, Moens U, Nchinda G, Okeke MI (2020) Monkeypox virus in Nigeria: infection biology, epidemiology, and evolution. Viruses 12:1257

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Altindis M, Puca E, Shapo L (2022) Diagnosis of monkeypox virus–an overview. Travel Med Infect Dis 50:102459

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Asif S, Zhao M, Li Y, Tang F, Ur Rehman Khan S, Zhu Y (2024) AI-based approaches for the diagnosis of Mpox: challenges and future prospects. Arch Comput Methods Eng 1–33

Bahrami AA, Payandeh Z, Khalili S, Zakeri A, Bandehpour M (2019) Immunoinformatics: in silico approaches and computational design of a multi-epitope, immunogenic protein. Int Rev Immunol 38:307–322

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baker RO, Bray M, Huggins JW (2003) Potential antiviral therapeutics for smallpox, monkeypox and other orthopoxvirus infections. Antiviral Res 57:13–23

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bansal P, Gupta M, Sangwan S, Bhatia GK, Ramniwas S, Chandran D, Dey A, Dhama K, Tuli HS (2022) Computational purposing phytochemicals against cysteine protease of Monkeypox virus: an in-silico approach. Pure Appl Microbiol 16:3144–3154

Article  Google Scholar 

Barbier AJ, Jiang AY, Zhang P, Wooster R, Anderson DG (2022) The clinical progress of mRNA vaccines and immunotherapies. Nat Biotechnol 40:840–854

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barnes AH, Smith C, Dash A, Shishido AA (2022) Mpox: special considerations in the immunocompromised host. Curr Treat Options Infect Dis 14:43–66

Article  Google Scholar 

Beer EM, Rao VB (2019) A systematic review of the epidemiology of human monkeypox outbreaks and implications for outbreak strategy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13:e0007791

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Beeson A, Styczynski A, Hutson CL, Whitehill F, Angelo KM, Minhaj FS, Morgan C, Ciampaglio K, Reynolds MG, McCollum AM (2023a) Mpox respiratory transmission: the state of the evidence. The Lancet Microbe 4:e277–e283

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Beeson AM, Haston J, McCormick DW, Reynolds M, Chatham-Stephens K, McCollum AM, Godfred-Cato S (2023b) Mpox in children and adolescents: epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management. Pediatrics 151:e2022060179

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Billioux BJ, Mbaya OT, Sejvar J, Nath A (2022) Potential complications of monkeypox. The Lancet Neurology 21:872

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bourner J, Garcia-Gallo E, Mbrenga F, Boum Y, Nakouné E, Paterson A, Jones B, Olliaro P, Rojek A (2024) Challenges in clinical diagnosis of Clade I Mpox: highlighting the need for enhanced diagnostic approaches. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 18:e0012087

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brasil P, Martins EB, Calvet GA, Werneck GL (2022) What do we need to know about the monkeypox virus infection in humans? Cad Saude Publica 38:e00129222

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Buchmeier MJ (2007) Arenaviridae: the viruses and their replication. Fields Virology 1792–1827

Bunge EM, Hoet B, Chen L, Lienert F, Weidenthaler H, Baer LR, Steffen R (2022) The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox—a potential threat? A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16:e0010141

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Candela C, Raccagni AR, Bruzzesi E, Bertoni C, Rizzo A, Gagliardi G, Canetti D, Gianotti N, Mileto D, Gismondo MR (2023) Human monkeypox experience in a tertiary level hospital in Milan, Italy, between May and October 2022: epidemiological features and clinical characteristics. Viruses 15:667

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cardeti G, Gruber CEM, Eleni C, Carletti F, Castilletti C, Manna G, Rosone F, Giombini E, Selleri M, Lapa D (2017) Fatal outbreak in Tonkean macaques caused by possibly novel orthopoxvirus, Italy, January 2015. Emerg Infect Dis 23:1941

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Català A, Clavo-Escribano P, Riera-Monroig J, Martín-Ezquerra G, Fernandez-Gonzalez P, Revelles-Peñas L, Simon-Gozalbo A, Rodríguez-Cuadrado FJ, Castells VG, de la Torre Gomar FJ (2022) Monkeypox outbreak in Spain: clinical and epidemiological findings in a prospective cross-sectional study of 185 cases. Br J Dermatol 187:765–772

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cevik M, Tomori O, Mbala P, Scagliarini A, Petersen E, Low N, ... Blumberg L (2024) The 2023–2024 multi-source mpox outbreaks of Clade I MPXV in sub-Saharan Africa: alarm bell for Africa and the World. Int J Infect Dis 146

Chakraborty S, Mohapatra RK, Chandran D, Alagawany M, Sv P, Islam MA, Chakraborty C, Dhama K (2022) Monkeypox vaccines and vaccination strategies: Current knowledge and advances. An update–correspondence. Int J Surg 105:106869

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Charostad J, Rukerd MRZ, Mahmoudvand S, Bashash D, Hashemi SMA, Nakhaie M, Zandi K (2023) A comprehensive review of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1: an imminent threat at doorstep. Travel Med Infect Dis 102638

Chauhan RP, Fogel R, Limson J (2023) Overview of diagnostic methods, disease prevalence and transmission of MPOX (formerly monkeypox) in humans and animal reservoirs. Microorg 11:1186

Article  Google Scholar 

Chen N, Li G, Liszewski MK, Atkinson JP, Jahrling PB, Feng Z, Schriewer J, Buck C, Wang C, Lefkowitz EJ (2005) Virulence differences between monkeypox virus isolates from West Africa and the Congo basin. Virology 340:46–63

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen W, Bibby K (2022) Model-based theoretical evaluation of the feasibility of using wastewater-based epidemiology to monitor monkeypox. Environ Sci Technol Lett 9:772–778

Article  Google Scholar 

Cho CT, Wenner HA (1973) Monkeypox Virus. Bacteriol Rev 37:1–18

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cohen J (2022) Monkeypox outbreak questions intensify as cases soar. Science 376:902–903

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022) Monkeypox and smallpox vaccine guidance 2022

Dashraath P, Nielsen-Saines K, Mattar C, Musso D, Tambyah P, Baud D (2022) Guidelines for pregnant individuals with monkeypox virus exposure. The Lancet 400:21–22

Article  Google Scholar 

De Clercq E (2001) Vaccinia virus inhibitors as a paradigm for the chemotherapy of poxvirus infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 14:382–397

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

De Clercq E (2011) The clinical potential of the acyclic (and cyclic) nucleoside phosphonates. The magic of the phosphonate bond. Biochem Pharmacol 82:99–109

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Del Rio C, Malani PN (2022) Update on the monkeypox outbreak. JAMA 328:921–922

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dhanda SK, Vir P, Raghava GP (2013) Designing of interferon-gamma inducing MHC class-II binders. Biol Direct 8:1–15

Article  Google Scholar 

Dhapola R, Kumari S, Sharma P, KumarKushawaha P, HariKrishnaReddy D (2024) Update on monkeypox virus infection: Focusing current treatment and prevention approaches. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 38:465–478

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Djuicy DD, Bilounga CN, Esso L, Mouiche MMM, Yonga MGW, Essima GD, Nguidjol IME, Anya PJA, Dibongue EBN, Etoundi AGM (2024) Evaluation of the mpox surveillance system in Cameroon from 2018 to 2022: a laboratory cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 24:1–12

Article  Google Scholar 

Doty JB, Malekani JM, LsN K, Stanley WT, Monroe BP, Nakazawa YU, Mauldin MR, Bakambana TL, Liyandja Dja Liyandja T, Braden ZH (2017) Assessing monkeypox virus prevalence in small mammals at the human–animal interface in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Viruses 9:283

Article