Ostrom QT, Price M, Neff C, Cioffi G, Waite KA, Kruchko C, Barnholtz-Sloan JS (2022) CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2015–2019. Neuro Oncol 24(Suppl 5):v1–v95

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schaff LR, Mellinghoff IK (2023) Glioblastoma and other primary brain malignancies in adults: a review. JAMA 329(7):574–587

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stupp R, Hegi ME, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, Taphoorn MJ, Janzer RC, Ludwin SK, Allgeier A, Fisher B, Belanger K et al (2009) Effects of radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide versus radiotherapy alone on survival in glioblastoma in a randomised phase III study: 5-year analysis of the EORTC-NCIC trial. Lancet Oncol 10(5):459–466

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahir BK, Engelhard HH, Lakka SS (2020) Tumor development and angiogenesis in adult brain tumor: glioblastoma. Mol Neurobiol 57(5):2461–2478

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Norden AD, Drappatz J, Wen PY (2008) Novel anti-angiogenic therapies for malignant gliomas. Lancet Neurol 7(12):1152–1160

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cohen MH, Shen YL, Keegan P, Pazdur R (2009) FDA drug approval summary: bevacizumab (Avastin) as treatment of recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. Oncologist 14(11):1131–1138

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gilbert MR, Dignam JJ, Armstrong TS, Wefel JS, Blumenthal DT, Vogelbaum MA, Colman H, Chakravarti A, Pugh S, Won M et al (2014) A randomized trial of bevacizumab for newly diagnosed glioblastoma. N Engl J Med 370(8):699–708

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chinot O, Wick W, Mason W, Henriksson R, Sarn F, Nishikawa R (2012) Phase III trial of bevacizumab added to standard radiotherapy and temozolomide for newly-diagnosed glioblastoma: final progression-free survival and interim overall survival results in Avaglio. Neuro Oncol 14(suppl 6):vi101–vi105

Google Scholar 

Rodriguez SMB, Kamel A, Ciubotaru GV, Onose G, Sevastre AS, Sfredel V, Danoiu S, Dricu A, Tataranu LG (2023) An overview of EGFR mechanisms and their implications in targeted therapies for glioblastoma. Int J Mole Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241311110

Article  Google Scholar 

Nitta Y, Shimizu S, Shishido-Hara Y, Suzuki K, Shiokawa Y, Nagane M (2016) Nimotuzumab enhances temozolomide-induced growth suppression of glioma cells expressing mutant EGFR in vivo. Cancer Med 5(3):486–499

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Diaz Miqueli A, Rolff J, Lemm M, Fichtner I, Perez R, Montero E (2009) Radiosensitisation of U87MG brain tumours by anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibodies. Br J Cancer 100(6):950–958

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Du XJ, Li XM, Cai LB, Sun JC, Wang SY, Wang XC, Pang XL, Deng ML, Chen FF, Wang ZQ et al (2019) Efficacy and safety of nimotuzumab in addition to radiotherapy and temozolomide for cerebral glioblastoma: a phase II multicenter clinical trial. J Cancer 10(14):3214–3223

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Westphal M, Heese O, Steinbach JP, Schnell O, Schackert G, Mehdorn M, Schulz D, Simon M, Schlegel U, Senft C et al (2015) A randomised, open label phase III trial with nimotuzumab, an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody in the treatment of newly diagnosed adult glioblastoma. Europ J Cancer 51(4):522–532

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wang Y, Pan L, Sheng XF, Chen S, Dai JZ (2016) Nimotuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody specific for the EGFR, in combination with temozolomide and radiation therapy for newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme: first results in Chinese patients. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 12(1):e23-29

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maity A, Pore N, Lee J, Solomon D, O’Rourke DM (2000) Epidermal growth factor receptor transcriptionally up-regulates vascular endothelial growth factor expression in human glioblastoma cells via a pathway involving phosphatidylinositol 3’-kinase and distinct from that induced by hypoxia. Cancer Res 60(20):5879–5886

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Cruijsen H, Giaccone G, Hoekman K (2005) Epidermal growth factor receptor and angiogenesis: opportunities for combined anticancer strategies. Int J Cancer 117(6):883–888

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tabernero J (2007) The role of VEGF and EGFR inhibition: implications for combining anti-VEGF and anti-EGFR agents. Mole Cancer Res : MCR 5(3):203–220

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ezzati S, Salib S, Balasubramaniam M, Aboud O (2024) Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in glioblastoma: current status and future possibilities. Int J Mole Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25042316

Article  Google Scholar 

Cunningham D, Humblet Y, Siena S, Khayat D, Bleiberg H, Santoro A, Bets D, Mueser M, Harstrick A, Verslype C et al (2004) Cetuximab monotherapy and cetuximab plus irinotecan in irinotecan-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 351(4):337–345

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tchekmedyian V, Sherman EJ (2018) Targeting VEGF and EGFR: a combination worth re-exploring? Lancet Oncol 19(8):1007–1009

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stupp R, Taillibert S, Kanner A, Read W, Steinberg D, Lhermitte B, Toms S, Idbaih A, Ahluwalia MS, Fink K et al (2017) Effect of tumor-treating fields plus maintenance temozolomide vs maintenance temozolomide alone on survival in patients with glioblastoma: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 318(23):2306–2316

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

van Solinge TS, Nieland L, Chiocca EA, Broekman MLD (2022) Advances in local therapy for glioblastoma—taking the fight to the tumour. Nat Rev Neurol 18(4):221–236

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yuan B, Wang G, Tang X, Tong A, Zhou L (2022) Immunotherapy of glioblastoma: recent advances and future prospects. Hum Vaccin Immunother 18(5):2055417

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Le Rhun E, Preusser M, Roth P, Reardon DA, van den Bent M, Wen P, Reifenberger G, Weller M (2019) Molecular targeted therapy of glioblastoma. Cancer Treat Rev 80:101896

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dvorak HF (2002) Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor: a critical cytokine in tumor angiogenesis and a potential target for diagnosis and therapy. J Clin Oncol : Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol 20(21):4368–4380

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Batchelor TT, Mulholland P, Neyns B, Nabors LB, Campone M, Wick A, Mason W, Mikkelsen T, Phuphanich S, Ashby LS et al (2013) Phase III randomized trial comparing the efficacy of cediranib as monotherapy, and in combination with lomustine, versus lomustine alone in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol : Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol 31(26):3212–3218

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lee EQ, Kuhn J, Lamborn KR, Abrey L, DeAngelis LM, Lieberman F, Robins HI, Chang SM, Yung WK, Drappatz J et al (2012) Phase I/II study of sorafenib in combination with temsirolimus for recurrent glioblastoma or gliosarcoma: North American brain tumor consortium study 05–02. Neuro Oncol 14(12):1511–1518

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stupp R, Hegi ME, Gorlia T, Erridge SC, Perry J, Hong YK, Aldape KD, Lhermitte B, Pietsch T, Grujicic D et al (2014) Cilengitide combined with standard treatment for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma with methylated MGMT promoter (CENTRIC EORTC 26071–22072 study): a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 15(10):1100–1108

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Friedman HS, Prados MD, Wen PY, Mikkelsen T, Schiff D, Abrey LE, Yung WKA, Paleologos N, Nicholas MK, Jensen R et al (2023) Bevacizumab alone and in combination with irinotecan in recurrent glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol : Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol 41(32):4945–4952

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chakravarti A, Wang M, Robins HI, Lautenschlaeger T, Curran WJ, Brachman DG, Schultz CJ, Choucair A, Dolled-Filhart M, Christiansen J et al (2013) RTOG 0211: a phase 1/2 study of radiation therapy with concurrent gefitinib for newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 85(5):1206–1211

Article  CAS  PubMed