Romo A, Carceller R, Tobajas J. Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR): epidemiology and etiology. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2009;6(Suppl 3):332–6.
Rotshenker-Olshinka K, Michaeli J, Srebnik N, Terlezky S, Schreiber L, Farkash R, Grisaru GS. Recurrent intrauterine growth restriction: characteristic placental histopathological features and association with prenatal vascular Doppler. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2019;300(6):1583–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-019-05339-x.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Yang L, Feng L, Huang L, Li X, Qiu W, Yang K, Qiu J, Li H. Maternal factors for intrauterine growth retardation: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Reprod Sci. 2023;30(6):1737–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43032-021-00756-3.
Khong TY, De Wolf F, Robertson WB, Brosens I. Inadequate maternal vascular response to placentation in pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia and by small-for-gestational age infants. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1986;93(10):1049–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1986.tb07830.x.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Cetin I, Taricco E, Mandò C, Radaelli T, Boito S, Nuzzo AM, Giussani DA. Fetal oxygen and glucose consumption in human pregnancy complicated by fetal growth restriction. Hypertension. 2020;75(3):748–54. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13727.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Regnault TR, de Vrijer B, Galan HL, Wilkening RB, Battaglia FC, Meschia G. Umbilical uptakes and transplacental concentration ratios of amino acids in severe fetal growth restriction. Pediatr Res. 2013;73(5):602–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/pr.2013.30.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Illsley NP, Caniggia I, Zamudio S. Placental metabolic reprogramming: do changes in the mix of energy-generating substrates modulate fetal growth? Int J Dev Biol. 2010;54(2–3):409–19. https://doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.082798ni.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Salmeri N, Carbone IF, Cavoretto PI, Farina A, Morano D. Epigenetics beyond fetal growth restriction: a comprehensive overview. Mol Diagn Ther. 2022;26(6):607–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40291-022-00611-4.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kierans SJ, Taylor CT. Regulation of glycolysis by the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF): implications for cellular physiology. J Physiol. 2021;599(1):23–37. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP280572.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Guitart-Mampel M, Juarez-Flores DL, Youssef L, Moren C, Garcia-Otero L, Roca-Agujetas V, Catalan-Garcia M, Gonzalez-Casacuberta I, Tobias E, Milisenda JC, Grau JM, Crispi F, Gratacos E, Cardellach F, Garrabou G. Mitochondrial implications in human pregnancies with intrauterine growth restriction and associated cardiac remodelling. J Cell Mol Med. 2019;23(6):3962–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.14282.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Mandò C, De Palma C, Stampalija T, Anelli GM, Figus M, Novielli C, Parisi F, Clementi E, Ferrazzi E, Cetin I. Placental mitochondrial content and function in intrauterine growth restriction and preeclampsia. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2014;306(4):E404–13. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00426.2013.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Madeleneau D, Buffat C, Mondon F, Grimault H, Rigourd V, Tsatsaris V, Letourneur F, Vaiman D, Barbaux S, Gascoin G. Transcriptomic analysis of human placenta in intrauterine growth restriction. Pediatr Res. 2015;77(6):799–807. https://doi.org/10.1038/pr.2015.40.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Beyramzadeh M, Dikmen ZG, Erturk NK, Tuncer ZS, Akbiyik F. Placental respiratory chain complex activities in high risk pregnancies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017;30(24):2911–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2016.1268594.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Practice Bulletins—Obstetrics and the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 204: fetal growth restriction. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;133(2):e97–109. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003070.
Wollmann HA. Intrauterine growth restriction: definition and etiology. Horm Res. 1998;49(Suppl 2):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1159/000053079.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ayres-de-Campos D, Arulkumaran S. FIGO Intrapartum Fetal Monitoring Expert Consensus Panel. FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: Physiology of fetal oxygenation and the main goals of intrapartum fetal monitoring. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2015;131(1):5–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.06.018.
Schendel D. Neonatal encephalopathy and neurologic outcome, second edition. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task Force on Neonatal Encephalopathy. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;123(4):896–901.
Richardson BS, de Vrijer B, Brown HK, Stitt L, Choo S, Regnault TRH. Gestational age impacts birth to placental weight ratio and umbilical cord oxygen values with implications for the fetal oxygen margin of safety. Early Hum Dev. 2022;164:105511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2021.105511.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Westgate J, Garibaldi JM, Greene KR. Umbilical cord blood gas analysis at delivery: a time for quality data. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1994;101(12):1054–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13581.x.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Filippi L, Scaramuzzo RT, Pascarella F, Pini A, Morganti R, Cammalleri M, Bagnoli P, Ciantelli M. Fetal oxygenation in the last weeks of pregnancy evaluated through the umbilical cord blood gas analysis. Front Pediatr. 2023;21(11):1140021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2023.1140021.
Filippi L, Pascarella F, Pini A, Cammalleri M, Bagnoli P, Morganti R, Innocenti F, Castagnini N, Melosi A, Scaramuzzo RT. Fetal Oxygenation from the 23rd to the 36th Week of Gestation Evaluated through the Umbilical Cord Blood Gas Analysis. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(15):12487. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512487.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ramsay AG. Clinical application of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Appl Ther. 1965;7(9):730–6.
Andersen OS, Engel K. A new acid-base nomogram. An improved method for the calculation of the relevant blood acid-base data. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1960;12:177–86. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365516009062420.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Saini BS, Morrison JL, Seed M. Gas Exchange across the Placenta. In: Lapinsky SE, Plante LA, editors. Respiratory Disease in Pregnancy. Cambridge: University Press; 2020. p. 34–56.
Thorn SR, Regnault TR, Brown LD, Rozance PJ, Keng J, Roper M, Wilkening RB, Hay WW Jr, Friedman JE. Intrauterine growth restriction increases fetal hepatic gluconeogenic capacity and reduces messenger ribonucleic acid translation initiation and nutrient sensing in fetal liver and skeletal muscle. Endocrinology. 2009;150(7):3021–30. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2008-1789.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Wesolowski SR, Hay WW Jr. Role of placental insufficiency and intrauterine growth restriction on the activation of fetal hepatic glucose production. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2016;5(435):61–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2015.12.016.
Quaye E, Chacko S, Chung ST, Brychta RJ, Chen KY, Brown RJ. Energy expenditure due to gluconeogenesis in pathological conditions of insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2021;321(6):E795–801. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00281.2021.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zamudio S, Wu Y, Ietta F, Rolfo A, Cross A, Wheeler T, Post M, Illsley NP, Caniggia I. Human placental hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha expression correlates with clinical outcomes in chronic hypoxia in vivo. Am J Pathol. 2007;170(6):2171–9. https://doi.org/10.2353/ajpath.2007.061185.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Dahia PL, Ross KN, Wright ME, Hayashida CY, Santagata S, Barontini M, Kung AL, Sanso G, Powers JF, Tischler AS, Hodin R, Heitritter S, Moore F, Dluhy R, Sosa JA, Ocal IT, Benn DE, Marsh DJ, Robinson BG, Schneider K, Garber J, Arum SM, Korbonits M, Grossman A, Pigny P, Toledo SP, Nosé V, Li C, Stiles CD. A HIF1alpha regulatory loop links hypoxia and mitochondrial signals in pheochromocytomas. PLoS Genet. 2005;1(1):72–80.
留言 (0)