Balseven-Odabasi A, Yalcinozan E, Keten A, Akçan R, Tumer AR, Onan A, Canturk N, Odabasi O, Hakan Dinc A (2013) Age and sex estimation by metric measurements and fusion of hyoid bone in a Turkish population. J Forensic Leg Med 20:496–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2013.03.022

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anjani RCS, Artaria MD, Singsuwan P, Arunorat J, Mahakkanukrauh P (2024) Biological identification of skulls in Indonesian and Thai populations: ancestry estimation, sex determination, stature estimation, and age estimation. Int J Morphol 42:137–146. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022024000100137

Article  Google Scholar 

Cattaneo C (2007) Forensic anthropology: developments of a classical discipline in the new millennium. Forensic Sci Int 165:185–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.05.018

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ousley S, Jantz R, Freid D (2009) Understanding race and human variation: why forensic anthropologists are good at identifying race. Am J Phys Anthropol 139:68–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21006

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bethard JD, DiGangi EA (2020) Letter to the editor-moving beyond a lost cause: forensic anthropology and ancestry estimates in the United States. J Forensic Sci 65:1791–1792. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.14513

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Quintyn CB (2023) Estimating ancestry from a recovered cranium using the FORDISC 3. I computer program: a possible case of admixture-case report. J Forensic Leg Investig Sci 9:1–7. https://doi.org/10.24966/flis-733x/100073

Article  Google Scholar 

Ross AH, Pilloud M (2021) The need to incorporate human variation and evolutionary theory in forensic anthropology: a call for reform. Am J Phys Anthropol 176:672–683. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24384

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Howells WW (1973) Cranial variation in man: a study by multivariate analysis of patterns of difference among recent human population. Pap Peabody Mus Archaeol Ethnol 67:1–259

Google Scholar 

Artaria M (2008) Comparative study of cephalometric traits in various ethnic groups in Indonesia. Majalah Biomorfologi 21:25–36

Google Scholar 

Hefner JT (2016) Biological distance analysis, cranial morphoscopic traits, and ancestry assessment in forensic anthropology. In: Pilloud MA, Hefner JT (eds) Biological distance analysis. Forensic and bioarchaeological perspectives. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 301–315

Google Scholar 

Woo EJ, Jung H, Tansatit T (2018) Cranial index in a modern people of Thai ancestry. Anat Cell Biol 51:25–30. https://doi.org/10.5115/acb.2018.51.1.25

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Musilová B, Dupej J, Brůžek J, Bejdová Š, Velemínská J (2019) Sex and ancestry related differences between two central European populations determined using exocranial meshes. Forensic Sci Int 297:364–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.02.034

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kongkasuriyachai NP, Palee P, Prasitwattanaseree S, Mahakkanukrauh P (2020) Ancestry estimation using image analysis of orbital shapes from Thai and Japanese skulls. Anthropol Sci 128:19–26. https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.200128

Article  Google Scholar 

Marini MI, Angrosidy H, Kurniawan A, Margaretha MS (2020) The anthropological analysis of the nasal morphology of Dayak Kenyah population in Indonesia as a basic data for forensic identification. Transl Res Anat 19:100064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tria.2020.100064

Article  Google Scholar 

Pureepatpong Kongkasuriyachai N, Prasitwattanaseree S, Case DT, Mahakkanukrauh P (2022) Craniometric estimation of ancestry in Thai and Japanese individuals. Aust J Forensic Sci 54:294–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/00450618.2020.1789219

Article  Google Scholar 

Dudzik B (2019) Examining cranial morphology of Asian and hispanic populations using geometric morphometric for ancestry estimation. Forensic Anthropol 2:304–315. https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2019.1022

Article  Google Scholar 

Hughes CE, Dudzik B, Algee-Hewitt BFB, Jones A, Anderson BE (2019) Understanding (mis)classification trends of Latin americans in Fordisc 3.1: incorporating cranial morphology, microgeographic origin, and admixture proportions for interpretation. J Forensic Sci 64:353–366. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13893

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thomas RM, Parks CL, Richard AH (2017) Accuracy rates of ancestry estimation by forensic anthropologists using identified forensic cases. J Forensic Sci 62:971–974. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13361

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pietrusewsky M (2010) A multivariate analysis of measurements recorded in early and more modern crania from East Asia and Southeast Asia. Quat Int 211:42–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2008.12.011

Article  Google Scholar 

Li YY, Brace CL, Gao QA, Tracer DP (1991) Dimensions of face in Asia in the perspective of geography and prehistory. Am J Phys Anthropol 85:269–279. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330850305

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hanihara T (2006) Interpretation of craniofacial variation and diversification of East and Southeast asians. In: Oxenham M, Tayles N (eds) Bioarchaeology of Southeast Asia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 91–111

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Howells WW (1989) Skull shapes and the map. Craniometric analyses in the dispersion of modern Homo. Harvard University, Cambridge (MA): Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology

Google Scholar 

Uytterschaut HTTC (1983) Affinities of Philippine Populations, an Application of Multivariate Techniques to Human Skull Data [dissertation]. University of Groningen, Groningen

Uytterschaut HT (1984-85) Affinities of Philippine populations: an anthropological study based on human skull data. Asian Perspect 26:157–168

Ishida H (1993) Cranial nonmetric variation of circum-pacific populations with special reference to the Pacific peoples. Jpn Rev 4:27–43

Google Scholar 

Dodo Y, Ishida H, Saitou N (1986) Population history of Japan: a cranial nonmetric approach. In: Akazawa T, Aikens CM (eds) Prehistoric hunter-gatherers in Japan, vol 27. The University Museum Bulletin No, University of Tokyo, pp 479–492

Google Scholar 

Howells WW (1997) Getting here: the story of human evolution. Compass, Washington

Google Scholar 

Hanihara T (2000) Frontal and facial flatness of major human populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 111:105–134. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(200001)111:1%3C105::aid-ajpa7%3E3.0.co;2-o

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pietrusewsky M (2008) Craniometric variation in Southeast Asia and neighboring regions: a multivariate analysis of cranial measurements. Hum Evol 23:49–86

Google Scholar 

Turner CG (1990) Major features of sundadonty and sinodonty, including suggestions about east Asian microevolution, population history, and late pleistocene relationships with Australian aboriginals. Am J Phys Anthropol 82:295–317. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330820308

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Scott GR, Pilloud MA, Navega D, Coelho J, Cunha E, Irish JD (2018) rASUDAS: a new web-based application for estimating ancestry from tooth morphology. Forensic Anthropol 1:18–31. https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2018.0003

Article  Google Scholar 

Dudzik B, Jantz RL (2016) Misclassifications of hispanics using fordisc 3.1: comparing cranial morphology in Asian and hispanic populations. J Forensic Sci 61:1311–1318. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13123

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hayashi A, Pietrusewsky M (2023) Discriminant function analysis of craniometric data for distinguishing Japanese and Filipino crania. Aust J Forensic Sci 55:621–644. https://doi.org/10.1080/00450618.2022.2057589

Article  Google Scholar 

Liu JH, Lawrence B, Ward C, Abraham S (2002) Social representations of history in Malaysia and Singapore: on the relationship between national and ethnic identity. Asian J Soc Psychol 5:3–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-839X.00091

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Annual report of statistics on Japanese nationals overseas https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/files/100436737.pdf. Accessed 2 July 2024

Franklin D, Cardini A, Flavel A, Kuliukas A (2013) Estimation of sex from cranial measurements in a western Australian population. Forensic Sci Int 229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.03.005. 158.e1-158.e8

Franklin D, Freedman L, Milne N, Oxnard CE (2006) A geometric morphometric study of sexual dimorphism in the crania of indigenous southern africans. S Afr J Sci 102:229–238

Google Scholar 

Bass WM (2005) Human osteology: a laboratory and field manual. University of Columbia, MO

Google Scholar 

Howells W (1989) Skull shapes and the map: craniometric analyses in the dispersion of modern Homo. Harvard University Press, Cambridge

Google Scholar 

de Villiers H (1968) The skull of South African Negro: a biometrical and morphological study. Witswatersrand University, Witswatersrand

Google Scholar 

Langley NR, Jantz LM, Ousley SD, Jantz RL, Milner G (2016) Data collection procedures for forensic skeletal. Knoxville. of Tennessee Material 2.0.2

Goto R, Mascie-Taylor CGN (2007) Precision of measurement as a component of human variation. J Physiol Anthropol 26:253–256. https://doi.org/10.2114/jpa2.26.253

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Franklin D, Cardini A, Flavel A, Kuliukas A, Marks MK, Hart R, Oxnard C, O’Higgins P (2013) Concordance of traditional osteometric and volume-rendered MSCT interlandmark cranial measurements. Int J Legal Med 127:505–520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-012-0772-9

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ulijaszek SJ, Kerr DA (1999) Anthropometric measurement error and the assessment of nutritional status. Br J Nutr 82:165–177.