Leal Filho W, Taddese H, Balehegn M, Nzengya D, Debela N, Abayineh A, et al. Introducing experiences from African pastoralist communities to cope with climate change risks, hazards and extremes: fostering poverty reduction. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct. 2020;50:101738.

Article  Google Scholar 

Dong S, Kassam KAS, Tourrand JF, Boone RB. Building resilience of human-natural systems of pastoralism in the developing world: interdisciplinary perspectives. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016.

Book  Google Scholar 

Nkuba M, Chanda R, Mmopelwa G, Kato E, Mangheni MN, Lesolle D. The effect of climate information in pastoralists’ adaptation to climate change: a case study of Rwenzori region, Western Uganda. Int J Clim Chang Strateg Manag. 2019;11:442–64.

Article  Google Scholar 

Manzano P, Burgas D, Cadahía L, Eronen JT, Fernández-Llamazares Á, Bencherif S, et al. Toward a holistic understanding of pastoralism. One Earth. 2021;4:651.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jiang Y, Zhang Q, Niu J, Wu J. Pastoral population growth and land use policy has significantly impacted livestock structure in inner mongolia-a case study in the Xilinhot Region. Sustainability. 2019;11:7208.

Article  Google Scholar 

Tiwari KR, Sitaula BK, Bajracharya RM, Raut N, Bhusal P, Sengel M. Vulnerability of pastoralism: a case study from the high mountains of Nepal. Sustainability. 2020;12:2737.

Article  Google Scholar 

Martin R, Müller B, Linstädter A, Frank K. How much climate change can pastoral livelihoods tolerate? Modelling rangeland use and evaluating risk. Glob Environ Chang. 2014;24:183.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sandford S, Scoones I. Opportunistic and conservative pastoral strategies: some economic arguments. Ecol Econ. 2006;58:1–16.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wurzinger M, Okeyo AM, Semambo D, Sölkner J. The sedentarisation process of the Bahima in Uganda: an emic view. African J Agric Res. 2009;4:1154.

Google Scholar 

Ide T, Schilling J, Link JSA, Scheffran J, Ngaruiya G, Weinzierl T. On exposure, vulnerability and violence: spatial distribution of risk factors for climate change and violent conflict across Kenya and Uganda. Polit Geogr. 2014;43:68.

Article  Google Scholar 

Akwango D, Obaa BB, Turyahabwe N, Baguma Y, Egeru A. Effect of drought early warning system on household food security in Karamoja subregion, Uganda. Agric Food Secur. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-017-0120-x.

Article  Google Scholar 

UBOS. Statistical Abstract, 2019. Uganda Bur Stat. 2019;1:38–40.

FAO. The future of livestock in opportunities and challenges in the face of uncertainty. Rome. 2019.

Egeru A, Wasonga O, Kyagulanyi J, Majaliwa GM, MacOpiyo L, Mburu J. Spatio-temporal dynamics of forage and land cover changes in Karamoja sub-region, Uganda. Pastoralism. 2014;4:6.

Article  Google Scholar 

Egeru A. Climate risk management information, sources and responses in a pastoral region in East Africa. Clim Risk Manag. 2016;11:1–14.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gradé JT, Tabuti JRS, Van Damme P. Ethnoveterinary knowledge in pastoral Karamoja, Uganda. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.01.005.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lesorogol CK. Privatizing pastoral lands: economic and normative outcomes in Kenya. World Dev. 2005;33:1959.

Article  Google Scholar 

Nyariki DM, Mwang’ombe AW, Thompson DM. Land-use change and livestock production challenges in an integrated system: the Masai-Mara ecosystem, Kenya. J Hum Ecol. 2009;26:163.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kirwa EC, Nyangito MM, Nyariki DM, Kimitei RK. Effect of land use changes on adaptive strategies for smallholder agro-pastoralists in Kenya. Livest Res Rural Dev. 2012;24.

Nelson F. Natural conservationists? Evaluating the impact of pastoralist land use practices on Tanzania’s wildlife economy. Pastoralism. 2012;2:15.

Article  Google Scholar 

Nanfuka S, Mfitumukiza D, Egeru A. Characterisation of ecosystem-based adaptations to drought in the central cattle corridor of Uganda. African J Range Forage Sci. 2020;37:257.

Article  Google Scholar 

Zziwa E, Kironchi G, Gachene C, Mugerwa S. The dynamics of land use and land cover change in Nakasongola district. J Biodivers Environ Sci. 2012;2:61–73.

Google Scholar 

Little PD, Smith K, Cellarius BA, Layne Coppock D, Barrett C. Avoiding disaster: diversification and risk management among East African herders. Dev Change. 2001;32:401.

Article  Google Scholar 

Cuni-Sanchez A, Imani G, Bulonvu F, Batumike R, Baruka G, Burgess ND, et al. Social perceptions of forest ecosystem services in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Hum Ecol. 2019;47:839–53.

Article  Google Scholar 

Reyes-García V, Álvarez-Fernández S, Benyei P, Garcíadel-Amo D, Junqueira AB, Labeyrie V, et al. Local indicators of climate change impacts described by indigenous peoples and local communities: study protocol. PLoS ONE. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279847.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Menghistu HT, Abraha AZ, Tesfay G, Mawcha GT. Determinant factors of climate change adaptation by pastoral/agro-pastoral communities and smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Int J Clim Chang Strateg Manag. 2020;12:305.

Article  Google Scholar 

Debela N, Mohammed C, Bridle K, Corkrey R, McNeil D. Perception of climate change and its impact by smallholders in pastoral/agropastoral systems of Borana, South Ethiopia. Springerplus. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-1012-9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Juana JS, Kahaka Z, Okurut FN. Farmers’ perceptions and adaptations to climate change in Sub-Sahara Africa: a synthesis of empirical studies and implications for public policy in African agriculture. J Agric Sci. 2013. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v5n4p121.

Article  Google Scholar 

Fosu-Mensah BY, Okoffo ED, Darko G, Gordon C. Assessment of organochlorine pesticide residues in soils and drinking water sources from cocoa farms in Ghana. Springerplus. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2352-9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Akerlof K, Maibach EW, Fitzgerald D, Cedeno AY, Neuman A. Do people “personally experience” global warming, and if so how, and does it matter? Glob Environ Chang. 2013;23:81.

Article  Google Scholar 

Adesina AA, Chianu J. Determinants of farmers’ adoption and adaptation of alley farming technology in Nigeria. Agrofor Syst. 2002;55:99.

Article  Google Scholar 

Semenza JC, Hall DE, Wilson DJ, Bontempo BD, Sailor DJ, George LA. Public perception of climate change. Voluntary mitigation and barriers to behavior change. Am J Prev Med. 2008;35:479.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reyes-García V, Vadez V, Tanner S, McDade T, Huanca T, Leonard WR. Evaluating indices of traditional ecological knowledge: a methodological contribution. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006;2:1–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Savo V, Lepofsky D, Benner JP, Kohfeld KE, Bailey J, Lertzman K. Observations of climate change among subsistence-oriented communities around the world. Nat Clim Change. 2016;6:462.

Article  Google Scholar 

Pepin N, Bradley RS, Diaz HF, Baraer M, Caceres EB, Forsythe N, et al. Elevation-dependent warming in mountain regions of the world. Nat Clim Change. 2015;5:424.

Article  Google Scholar 

UWA. Mount Elgon national park. Uganda Wildlife Authority. 2018.

Dale I. R. The forest types of Mount Elgon. 1940.

The Republic of Uganda. Kween district hazard, risk and vulnerability profile. 2016; August:30.

Okello SV, Nyunja RO, Netondo GW, Onyango JC. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by sabaots of mt. Elgon kenya. African J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2010. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v7i1.57223.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hitimana J, Kiyiapi JL, Njunge JT. Forest structure characteristics in disturbed and undisturbed sites of Mt. Elgon moist lower Montane Forest, western Kenya. For Ecol Manag. 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.02.025.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jiang B, Bamutaze Y, Pilesjö P. Climate change and land degradation in Africa: a case study in the Mount Elgon region. Uganda Geo-Spatial Inf Sci. 2014;17:39–53.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bussmann RW. Vegetation zonation and nomenclature of African mountains - an overview. Lyonia. 2006;11:41.

Google Scholar 

Musau J, Sang J, Gathenya J, Luedeling E. Hydrological responses to climate change in Mt. Elgon watersheds. J Hydrol Reg Stud. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2014.12.001.

Article  Google Scholar 

Siya A, Kalule BJ, Ssentongo B, Lukwa AT, Egeru A. Malaria patterns across altitudinal zones of Mount Elgon following intensified control and prevention programs in Uganda. BMC Infect Dis. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05158-5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bomuhangi A, Nabanoga G, Namaalwa JJ, Jacobson MG, Abwoli B. Local communities’ perceptions of climate variability in the Mt. Elgon region, eastern Uganda. Cogent Environ Sci. 2016;2:1168276.

Article  Google Scholar 

Scott P. From conflict to collaboration: people and forests at Mount Elgon, Uganda. From Confl to Collab people For Mt Elgon, Uganda. 1998;149.

Sassen M, Sheil D, Giller KE, ter Braak CJF. Complex contexts and dynamic drivers: understanding four decades of forest loss and recovery in an East African protected area. Biol Conserv. 2013;159:257.

Article