Batson, A. et al. Polio eradication vaccine investment: how do we ensure polio vaccines are available to keep the world polio-free after transmission of wild poliovirus (wPV) has been interrupted?. BMJ Glob. Health 6, e006447 (2021).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fenner, L. et al. Global progress toward poliovirus containment, 2019–2020. Morbid. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 70, 359 (2021).

Google Scholar 

GPEI. Current Research Areas. https://polioeradication.org/tools-and-library/current-research-areas/affordable-ipv/ (2021).

Langar, H. et al. The quest for a new polio vaccine. Vaccines 8, 538 (2020).

Google Scholar 

WHO. Two out of three wild poliovirus strains eradicated. https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/two-out-of-three-wild-poliovirus-strains-eradicated (2019).

Chard, A. N. et al. Progress toward polio eradication—worldwide, January 2018–March 2020. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 69, 784–789 (2020).

Article  Google Scholar 

Famulare, M. et al. Assessing the stability of polio eradication after the withdrawal of oral polio vaccine. PLoS Biol 16, e1009690 (2018).

Article  Google Scholar 

Pan, W. K. et al. Oral polio vaccine response in the MAL-ED birth cohort study: considerations for polio eradication strategies. Vaccine 37, 352–365 (2019).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Patel, M. & Cochi, S. Addressing the challenges and opportunities of the polio endgame: lessons for the future. J. Infect. Dis. 216, S1–S8 (2017).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cherkasova, E. A. et al. Spread of vaccine-derived poliovirus from a paralytic case in an immunodeficient child: an insight into the natural evolution of oral polio vaccine. J. Virol. 79, 1062–1070 (2005).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lopalco, P. L. Wild and vaccine-derived poliovirus circulation, and implications for polio eradication. Epidemiol. Infect. 145, 413–419 (2017).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Minor, P. D. Attenuation and reversion of the Sabin vaccine strains of poliovirus. Dev. Biol. Stand. 78, 17–26 (1993).

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

WHO Global Circulating Vaccine-derived Poliovirus Report July 30, 2024 https://polioeradication.org/this-week/variant-polio-cvdpv-cases/.

Bandyopadhyay, A. S. et al. A randomized phase 4 study of immunogenicity and safety following monovalent oral type 2 Sabin polio vaccine challenge in IPV-vaccinated children in Lithuania. J. Infect. Dis. 223, 119–127 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bockstal, V. et al. An inactivated poliovirus vaccine using Sabin strains produced on the serum-free PER.C6® cell culture platform is immunogenic and safe in a non-human primate model. Vaccine 36, 6979–6987 (2018).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rybicki, E. P. Plant molecular farming of virus-like nanoparticles as vaccines and reagents. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol. 12, 1587 (2020).

Article  Google Scholar 

Brickley, E. B. et al. Intestinal Immune Responses to Type 2 Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) challenge in infants previously immunized with bivalent OPV and either high-dose or standard inactivated polio vaccine. J. Infect. Dis. 217, 371–380 (2018).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lopez-Medina, E. et al. Inactivated polio vaccines from three different manufacturers have equivalent safety and immunogenicity when given as 1 or 2 additional doses after bivalent OPV: results from a randomized controlled trial in Latin America. Vaccine 35, 3591–3597 (2017).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wilton, T. Methods for the quality control of inactivated poliovirus vaccines. Methods Mol. Biol. 1387, 279–297 (2016).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wood, D. J., Heath, A. B. & Sawyer, L. A. A WHO Collaborative study on assays of the antigenic content of inactivated poliovirus vaccines. Biologicals 23, 83–94 (1995).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thompson, K. M. et al. Trade-offs of different poliovirus vaccine options for outbreak response in the United States and other countries that only use inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) in routine immunization. Vaccine 42, 819–827 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bandyopadhyay, A. S. et al. Facility-associated release of polioviruses into communities—risks for the posteradication era. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 25, 1363–1369 (2019).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Duizer, E., Rutjes, S., de Roda Husman, A. M. & Schijven, J. Risk assessment, risk management and risk-based monitoring following a reported accidental release of poliovirus in Belgium, September to November 2014. Eur. Surveill. 21, 30169 (2016).

Article  Google Scholar 

Kew, O. M. et al. Circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses: current state of knowledge. Bull. World Health Organ. 83, 16–23 (2005).

Google Scholar 

Minor, P. D., Lane, B., Mimms, S. & Bar, P. Scientific consultation on the safety and containment of new poliovirus strains for vaccine production, clinical/regulatory testing and research. Report of a meeting held at NIBSC, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK, 6/7th July 2016. Biologicals 48, 92–100 (2017).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Polio Eradication Strategy 2022–2026: Delivering on a Promise (World Health Organization, Geneva, 2021).

Chumakov, K. et al. Inactivated vaccines based on alternatives to wild-type seed virus. Dev. Biol. (Basel) 105, 171–177 (2001).

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cramer, J. P. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of experimental stand-alone trivalent, inactivated Sabin-strain polio vaccine formulations in healthy infants: a randomized, observer-blind, controlled phase 1/2 trial. Vaccine 38, 5313–5323 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tano, Y. et al. Antigenic characterization of a formalin-inactivated poliovirus vaccine derived from live-attenuated Sabin strains. Vaccine 25, 7041–7046 (2007).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bandyopadhyay, A. S. & Macklin, G. R. Final frontiers of the polio eradication endgame. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 33, 404–410 (2020).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chumakov, K. & Ehrenfeld, E. New generation of inactivated poliovirus vaccines for universal immunization after eradication of poliomyelitis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 47, 1587–1592 (2008).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Crawt, L. et al. Differences in antigenic structure of inactivated polio vaccines made from Sabin live-attenuated and wild-type poliovirus strains: impact on vaccine potency assays. J. Infect. Dis. 221, 544–552 (2020).

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu, Y. et al. Immunogenicity and safety of a sabin strain-based inactivated polio vaccine: a Phase 3 Clinical Trial. J. Infect. Dis. 220, 1551–1557 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Konopka-Anstadt, J. L. et al. Development of a new oral poliovirus vaccine for the eradication end game using codon deoptimization. NPJ Vaccines 5, 26 (2020).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Okayasu, H. et al. Development of inactivated poliovirus vaccine from Sabin strains: a progress report. Biologicals 44, 581–587 (2016).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sanders, B. P. et al. Production of high titer attenuated poliovirus strains on the serum-free PER.C6(®) cell culture platform for the generation of safe and affordable next generation IPV. Vaccine 33, 6611–6616 (2015).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sanders, B. P. et al. Cold-adapted viral attenuation (cava): highly temperature sensitive polioviruses as novel vaccine strains for a next generation inactivated poliovirus vaccine. PLoS Pathog. 12, e1005483 (2016).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central