Hu J, Wang Y. The clinical characteristics and risk factors of severe COVID-19. Gerontology. 2021;67(3):255–66.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Clinical Spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Available from: https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/overview/clinical-spectrum/.

Reyes AZ, Hu KA, Teperman J, Wampler Muskardin TL, Tardif JC, Shah B, et al. Anti-inflammatory therapy for COVID-19 infection: the case for colchicine. Ann Rheum Dis. 2021;80(5):550–7.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Akhmerov A, Marbán E. COVID-19 and the Heart. Circ Res. 2020;126(10):1443–55.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1033–4.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhang C, Wu Z, Li JW, Zhao H, Wang GQ. Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19: interleukin-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab may be the key to reduce mortality. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(5):105954.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, Xia J, Zhou X, Xu S, et al. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(7):934–43.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Uriarte SM, Hajishengallis G. Neutrophils in the periodontium: interactions with pathogens and roles in tissue homeostasis and inflammation. Immunol Rev. 2023;314(1):93–110.

Clark SR, Ma AC, Tavener SA, McDonald B, Goodarzi Z, Kelly MM, et al. Platelet TLR4 activates neutrophil extracellular traps to ensnare bacteria in septic blood. Nat Med. 2007;13(4):463–9.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Harari R, Bangalore S, Chang E, Shah B. COVID-19 complicated by acute myocardial infarction with extensive thrombus burden and cardiogenic shock. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2021;97(5):E661–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ruf W, Ruggeri ZM. Neutrophils release brakes of coagulation. Nat Med. 2010;16(8):851–2.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Arber N, Berliner S, Pras E, Arber L, Fishelson Z, Kahn Y, et al. Heterotypic leukocyte aggregation in the peripheral blood of patients with leukemia, inflammation and stress. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol (1978). 1991;33(3):251–5.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Diao B, Wang C, Wang R, Feng Z, Tan Y, Wang H, et al. Human kidney is a target for novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. medRxiv. 2020:2020.03.04.20031120.

Kellum JA, van Till JWO, Mulligan G. Targeting acute kidney injury in COVID-19. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2020;35(10):1652–62.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Palevsky PM. COVID-19 and AKI: Where Do We Stand? J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021;32(5):1029–32.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Silver SA, Beaubien-Souligny W, Shah PS, Harel S, Blum D, Kishibe T, et al. The prevalence of acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 Infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Med. 2021;3(1):83–98.e1.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahmadian E, Hosseiniyan Khatibi SM, Razi Soofiyani S, Abediazar S, Shoja MM, Ardalan M, et al. Covid-19 and kidney injury: Pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms. Rev Med Virol. 2021;31(3):e2176.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Leung YY, Yao Hui LL, Kraus VB. Colchicine-Update on mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2015;45(3):341–50.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Nuki G. Colchicine: its mechanism of action and efficacy in crystal-induced inflammation. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2008;10(3):218–27.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sukeishi A, Isami K, Hiyama H, Imai S, Nagayasu K, Shirakawa H, et al. Colchicine alleviates acute postoperative pain but delays wound repair in mice: roles of neutrophils and macrophages. Mol Pain. 2017;13:1744806917743680.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Slobodnick A, Shah B, Krasnokutsky S, Pillinger MH. Update on colchicine, 2017. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2018;57(suppl_1):i4–11.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Marinaki S, Skalioti C, Boletis JN. Colchicine in Renal Diseases: Present and Future. Curr Pharm Des. 2018;24(6):675–83.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kwee RM, Adams HJA, Kwee TC. Diagnostic Performance of CO-RADS and the RSNA Classification System in Evaluating COVID-19 at Chest CT: A Meta-Analysis. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging. 2021;3(1):e200510.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Prokop M, van Everdingen W, van Rees Vellinga T, Quarles van Ufford H, Stöger L, Beenen L, et al. CO-RADS: a categorical CT assessment scheme for patients suspected of having COVID-19-definition and evaluation. Radiology. 2020;296(2):E97–e104.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ayyildiz A, Yildirim OT, Ucan A, Ayyildiz FA. Evaluation of steroid therapy in COVID-19 patients; in the right dose at the right time to the right patients. Niger J Clin Pract. 2023;26(3):280–6.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gensler LS. Glucocorticoids: complications to anticipate and prevent. Neurohospitalist. 2013;3(2):92–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Calligaro GL, Lalla U, Audley G, Gina P, Miller MG, Mendelson M, et al. The utility of high-flow nasal oxygen for severe COVID-19 pneumonia in a resource-constrained setting: a multi-centre prospective observational study. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;28:100570.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Muiru AN, Madden E, Scherzer R, Horberg MA, Silverberg MJ, Klein MB, et al. Effect of adopting the new race-free 2021 chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration estimated glomerular filtration rate creatinine equation on racial differences in kidney disease progression among people with human immunodeficiency virus: an observational study. Clin Infect Dis. 2023;76(3):461–8.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lameire NH, Levin A, Kellum JA, Cheung M, Jadoul M, Winkelmayer WC, et al. Harmonizing acute and chronic kidney disease definition and classification: report of a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Consensus Conference. Kidney Int. 2021;100(3):516–26.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arikan H, Ozturk S, Tokgoz B, Dursun B, Seyahi N, Trabulus S, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of acute kidney injury in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a multicenter study by the Turkish society of nephrology. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(8):e0256023.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, Madhavan MV, McGroder C, Stevens JS, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med. 2021;27(4):601–15.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tan BWL, Tan BWQ, Tan ALM, Schriver ER, Gutiérrez-Sacristán A, Das P, et al. Long-term kidney function recovery and mortality after COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury: an international multi-centre observational cohort study. EClinicalMedicine. 2023;55:101724.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adamczak M, Surma S, Więcek A. Acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19: epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2022;31(3):317–26.

Article  PubMed