Penazzato M, Kasirye I, Ruel T, Mukui I, Bekker A, Archary M, et al. Antiretroviral postnatal prophylaxis to prevent HIV vertical transmission: present and future strategies. J Int AIDS Soc. 2023;26(2): e26032.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

UNAIDS. Fact sheet - Latest global and regional statistics on the status of the AIDS epidemic. 2023 https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2023/UNAIDS_FactSheet. Accessed 30 Sep 2024.

Stelmach RD, Rabkin M, Abo K, Ahoba I, Gildas Anago M, Boccanera R, et al. Financial burdens of HIV and chronic disease on people living with HIV in Côte d’Ivoire: a cross-sectional out-of-pocket expenditure study. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(7): e0255074.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Martinez J, Harper G, Carleton RA, Hosek S, Bojan K, Clum G, et al. The impact of stigma on medication adherence among HIV-positive adolescent and young adult females and the moderating effects of coping and satisfaction with health care. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2012;26(2):108–15.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Van Dyke RB, Patel K, Kagan RM, Karalius B, Traite S, Meyer WA 3rd, et al. Antiretroviral drug resistance among children and youth in the united states with perinatal HIV. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(1):133–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Leonard EG, McComsey GA. Metabolic complications of antiretroviral therapy in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22(1):77–84.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Collado MC, Rautava S, Aakko J, Isolauri E, Salminen S. Human gut colonisation may be initiated in utero by distinct microbial communities in the placenta and amniotic fluid. Sci Rep. 2016;6(1):23129.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jiménez E, Marín ML, Martín R, Odriozola JM, Olivares M, Xaus J, et al. Is meconium from healthy newborns actually sterile? Res Microbiol. 2008;159(3):187–93.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aagaard K, Ma J, Antony KM, Ganu R, Petrosino J, Versalovic J. The placenta harbors a unique microbiome. Sci Transl Med. 2014;6(237):237.

Article  Google Scholar 

Vandenplas Y, Carnielli VP, Ksiazyk J, Luna MS, Migacheva N, Mosselmans JM, et al. Factors affecting early-life intestinal microbiota development. Nutrition. 2020;78: 110812.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sanidad KZ, Zeng MY. Neonatal gut microbiome and immunity. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2020;56:30–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vijay A, Valdes AM. Role of the gut microbiome in chronic diseases: a narrative review. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2022;76(4):489–501.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maciel-Fiuza MF, Muller GC, Campos DMS, do Socorro Silva CP, Peruzzo J, Bonamigo RR, et al. Role of gut microbiota in infectious and inflammatory diseases. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1098386.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abange WB, Martin C, Nanfack AJ, Yatchou LG, Nusbacher N, Nguedia CA, et al. Alteration of the gut fecal microbiome in children living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Yaounde, Cameroon. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):7666.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nguyen QT, Ishizaki A, Bi X, Matsuda K, Nguyen LV, Pham HV, et al. Alterations in children’s sub-dominant gut microbiota by HIV infection and anti-retroviral therapy. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(10): e0258226.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Veazey RS. Intestinal CD4 depletion in HIV / SIV infection. Curr Immunol Rev. 2019;15(1):76–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Machiavelli A, Duarte RTD, Pires MMS, Zárate-Bladés CR, Pinto AR. The impact of in utero HIV exposure on gut microbiota, inflammation, and microbial translocation. Gut Microbes. 2019;10(5):599–614.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Katusiime MG, Van Zyl GU, Cotton MF, Kearney MF. HIV-1 persistence in children during suppressive ART. Viruses. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13061134.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

UNAIDS. Children and HIV- Fact Sheet 2016 https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/FactSheet_Children_en.pdf. Accessed 10 May 2024.

Melvin AJ, Rodrigo AG, Mohan KM, Lewis PA, Manns-Arcuino L, Coombs RW, et al. HIV-1 dynamics in children. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1999;20(5):468–73.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Luzuriaga K, Wu H, McManus M, Britto P, Borkowsky W, Burchett S, et al. Dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in vertically infected infants. J Virol. 1999;73(1):362–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Uprety P, Patel K, Karalius B, Ziemniak C, Chen YH, Brummel SS, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 DNA decay dynamics with early, long-term virologic control of perinatal infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64(11):1471–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Martínez-Bonet M, Puertas MC, Fortuny C, Ouchi D, Mellado MJ, Rojo P, et al. Establishment and replenishment of the viral reservoir in perinatally HIV-1-infected children initiating very early antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(7):1169–78.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Persaud D, Patel K, Karalius B, Rainwater-Lovett K, Ziemniak C, Ellis A, et al. Influence of age at virologic control on peripheral blood human immunodeficiency virus reservoir size and serostatus in perinatally infected adolescents. JAMA Pediatr. 2014;168(12):1138–46.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Persaud D, Gay H, Ziemniak C, Chen YH, Piatak M Jr, Chun TW, et al. Absence of detectable HIV-1 viremia after treatment cessation in an infant. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(19):1828–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Obregon-Perko V, Bricker KM, Mensah G, Uddin F, Rotolo L, Vanover D, et al. Dynamics and origin of rebound viremia in SHIV-infected infant macaques following interruption of long-term ART. JCI Insight. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.152526.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Goswami R, Nelson AN, Tu JJ, Dennis M, Feng L, Kumar A, et al. Analytical treatment interruption after short-term antiretroviral therapy in a postnatally simian-human immunodeficiency virus-infected infant rhesus macaque model. MBio. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01971-19.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Persaud D, Ray SC, Kajdas J, Ahonkhai A, Siberry GK, Ferguson K, et al. Slow human immunodeficiency virus type 1 evolution in viral reservoirs in infants treated with effective antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2007;23(3):381–90.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maldarelli F. HIV-infected cells are frequently clonally expanded after prolonged antiretroviral therapy: implications for HIV persistence. J Virus Erad. 2015;1(4):237–44.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wagner TA, McLaughlin S, Garg K, Cheung CY, Larsen BB, Styrchak S, et al. Proliferation of cells with HIV integrated into cancer genes contributes to persistent infection. Science. 2014;345(6196):570–3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar