Raggatt LJ, Partridge NC. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of bone remodeling. J Biol Chem. 2010;285(33):25103–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nair AK, Gautieri A, Chang SW, Buehler MJ. Molecular mechanics of mineralized collagen fibrils in bone. Nat Commun. 2013;4:1724.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Martin KJ, Gonzalez EA. Metabolic bone disease in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18(3):875–85.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alem AM, Sherrard DJ, Gillen DL, Weiss NS, Beresford SA, Heckbert SR, Wong C, Stehman-Breen C. Increased risk of hip fracture among patients with end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int. 2000;58(1):396–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Robertson L, Black C, Fluck N, Gordon S, Hollick R, Nguyen H, Prescott G, Marks A. Hip fracture incidence and mortality in chronic kidney disease: the GLOMMS-II record linkage cohort study. BMJ Open. 2018;8(4):e020312.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tan J, Li Y, Wu Z, Zhao J. Risk of hip fracture in patients on dialysis or kidney transplant: a meta-analysis of 14 cohort studies. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2018;14:1747–55.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gutierrez O, Isakova T, Rhee E, Shah A, Holmes J, Collerone G, Juppner H, Wolf M. Fibroblast growth factor-23 mitigates hyperphosphatemia but accentuates calcitriol deficiency in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16(7):2205–15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Block GA, Klassen PS, Lazarus JM, Ofsthun N, Lowrie EG, Chertow GM. Mineral metabolism, mortality, and morbidity in maintenance hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15(8):2208–18.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Levin A, Bakris GL, Molitch M, Smulders M, Tian J, Williams LA, Andress DL. Prevalence of abnormal serum vitamin D, PTH, calcium, and phosphorus in patients with chronic kidney disease: results of the study to evaluate early kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2007;71(1):31–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ketteler M, Elder GJ, Evenepoel P, Ix JH, Jamal SA, Lafage-Proust MH, Shroff R, Thadhani RI, Tonelli MA, Kasiske BL, Wheeler DC, Leonard MB. Revisiting KDIGO clinical practice guideline on chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder: a commentary from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes controversies conference. Kidney Int. 2015;87(3):502–28.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Covic A, Vervloet M, Massy ZA, Torres PU, Goldsmith D, Brandenburg V, Mazzaferro S, Evenepoel P, Bover J, Apetrii M, Cozzolino M. Bone and mineral disorders in chronic kidney disease: implications for cardiovascular health and ageing in the general population. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30310-8

Toussaint ND, Kerr PG. Vascular calcification and arterial stiffness in chronic kidney disease: implications and management. Nephrology (Carlton). 2007;12(5):500–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Toussaint ND, Lau KK, Strauss BJ, Polkinghorne KR, Kerr PG. Associations between vascular calcification, arterial stiffness and bone mineral density in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23(2):586–93.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leng Y, Yu X, Yang Y, Xia Y. Efficacy and safety of medications for osteoporosis in kidney transplant recipients or patients with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis. J Investig Med. 2023; https://doi.org/10.1177/10815589231184215

Santos MFP, Hernandez MJ, de Oliveira IB, Siqueira FR, Dominguez WV, Dos Reis LM, Carvalho AB, Moyses RMA, Jorgetti V. Comparison of clinical, biochemical and histomorphometric analysis of bone biopsies in dialysis patients with and without fractures. J Bone Miner Metab. 2018; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00774-018-0902-7

Patino E, Doty SB, Bhatia D, Meza K, Zhu YS, Rivella S, Choi ME, Akchurin O. Carbonyl iron and iron dextran therapies cause adverse effects on bone health in juveniles with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2020;98(5):1210–24.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen Q, Shou P, Zheng C, Jiang M, Cao G, Yang Q, Cao J, Xie N, Velletri T, Zhang X, Xu C, Zhang L, Yang H, Hou J, Wang Y, Shi Y. Fate decision of mesenchymal stem cells: adipocytes or osteoblasts? Cell Death Differ. 2016;23(7):1128–39.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pierce JL, Begun DL, Westendorf JJ, McGee-Lawrence ME. Defining osteoblast and adipocyte lineages in the bone marrow. Bone. 2019;118:2–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Woods GN, Ewing SK, Sigurdsson S, Kado DM, Ix JH, Hue TF, Eiriksdottir G, Xu K, Gudnason V, Lang TF, Vittinghoff E, Harris TB, Rosen CJ, Li X, Schwartz AV. Chronic kidney disease is associated with greater bone marrow adiposity. J Bone Miner Res. 2018;33(12):2158–64.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sirimongkolchaiyakul O, Pereira RC, Gales B, Bacchetta J, Salusky IB, Wesseling-Perry K. Bone marrow adiposity inversely correlates with bone turnover in pediatric renal osteodystrophy. Bone Rep. 2021;15:101104.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jia T, Olauson H, Lindberg K, Amin R, Edvardsson K, Lindholm B, Andersson G, Wernerson A, Sabbagh Y, Schiavi S, Larsson TE. A novel model of adenine-induced tubulointerstitial nephropathy in mice. BMC Nephrol. 2013;14:116.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhu M, Hao G, Xing J, Hu S, Geng D, Zhang W, Wang Q, Hu C, Wang X. Bone marrow adipose amount influences vertebral bone strength. Exp Ther Med. 2019;17(1):689–94.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lecka-Czernik B, Stechschulte LA, Czernik PJ, Sherman SB, Huang S, Krings A. Marrow adipose tissue: skeletal location, sexual dimorphism, and response to sex steroid deficiency. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2017;8:188.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schwartz AV, Sigurdsson S, Hue TF, Lang TF, Harris TB, Rosen CJ, Vittinghoff E, Siggeirsdottir K, Sigurdsson G, Oskarsdottir D, Shet K, Palermo L, Gudnason V, Li X. Vertebral bone marrow fat associated with lower trabecular BMD and prevalent vertebral fracture in older adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(6):2294–300.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shen W, Chen J, Punyanitya M, Shapses S, Heshka S, Heymsfield SB. MRI-measured bone marrow adipose tissue is inversely related to DXA-measured bone mineral in Caucasian women. Osteoporos Int: J Established Result Cooperation Between Eur Found Osteoporos Natl Osteoporos Found USA. 2007;18(5):641–7.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Akchurin O, Sureshbabu A, Doty SB, Zhu YS, Patino E, Cunningham-Rundles S, Choi ME, Boskey A, Rivella S. Lack of hepcidin ameliorates anemia and improves growth in an adenine-induced mouse model of chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2016;311(5):F877–89.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kovesdy CP, Furth SL, Zoccali C, World Kidney Day Steering C. Obesity and kidney disease: hidden consequences of the epidemic. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 2017;4:2054358117698669.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xu X, Eales JM, Jiang X, Sanderson E, Drzal M, Saluja S, Scannali D, Williams B, Morris AP, Guzik TJ, Charchar FJ, Holmes MV, Tomaszewski M. Contributions of obesity to kidney health and disease: insights from Mendelian randomization and the human kidney transcriptomics. Cardiovasc Res. 2022;118(15):3151–61.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Evenepoel P, Stenvinkel P, Shanahan C, Pacifici R. Inflammation and gut dysbiosis as drivers of CKD-MBD. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-023-00736-7

Ambrosi TH, Scialdone A, Graja A, Gohlke S, Jank AM, Bocian C, Woelk L, Fan H, Logan DW, Schurmann A, Saraiva LR, Schulz TJ. Adipocyte accumulation in the bone marrow during obesity and aging impairs stem cell-based hematopoietic and bone regeneration. Cell Stem Cell. 2017;20(6):771-84.e6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Paccou J, Penel G, Chauveau C, Cortet B, Hardouin P. Marrow adiposity and bone: review of clinical implications. Bone. 2019;118:8–15.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cinti S. Adipose organ development and remodeling. Compr Physiol. 2018;8(4):1357–431.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Craft CS, Li Z, MacDougald OA, Scheller EL. Molecular differences between subtypes of bone marrow adipocytes. Curr Mol Biol Rep. 2018;4(1):16–23.