American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: Author; 1980.

Google Scholar 

Ashman SB, Dawson G, Panagiotides H. Trajectories of maternal depression over 7 years: relations with child psychophysiology and behavior and role of contextual risks. Dev Psychopathol. 2008;20(1):55–77.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barker ED, Copeland W, Maughan B, Jaffee SR, Uher R. Relative impact of maternal depression and associated risk factors on offspring psychopathology. Br J Psychiatry. 2012;200(2):124–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Barrera M Jr. A method for the assessment of social support networks in community survey research. Connection. 1980;3:8–13.

Google Scholar 

Basco MR, Bostic JQ, Davies D, Rush AJ, Witte B, Hendrickse W, Barnett V. Methods to improve diagnostic accuracy in a community mental health setting. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:1599–605.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bella T, Goldstein T, Axelson D, Obreja M, Monk K, Hickey MB, Sakolsky D. Psychosocial functioning in offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2011;133:204–11.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Birmaher B, Axelson D, Monk K, Kalas C, Goldstein B, Hickey MB, Obreja M, Ehmann M, Iyengar S, Shamseddeen W, Kupfer D, Brent D. Lifetime psychiatric disorders in school-aged offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: the Pittsburgh bipolar offspring study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66(3):287–96. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.546.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Birmaher B, Merranko J, Hafeman D, Goldstein BI, Diler R, Levenson JC, Monk K, Iyengar S, Hickey MB, Sakolsky D, Axelson D, Goldstein T. A longitudinal study of psychiatric disorders in offspring of parents with pipolar disorder from preschool to adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021;60(11):1419–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2021.02.023.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Borowiecka-Karpiuk J, Dudek D, Siwek M, Jaeschke R. Spousal burden in partners of patients with major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Pol. 2014;48(4):773–87.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boyers GB, Simpson Rowe L. Social support and relationship satisfaction in bipolar disorder. J Fam Psychol. 2018;32(4):538–43.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brands IMH, Köhler S, Stapert SZ, Wade DT, van Heugten CM. Psychometric properties of the coping inventory for stressful situations (CISS) in patients with acquired brain injury. Psychol Assess. 2014;26(3):848–56.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brietzke E, Mansur RB, Soczynska JK, Kapczinski F, Bressan RA, McIntyre RS. Towards a multifactorial approach for prediction of bipolar disorder in at risk populations. J Affect Disord. 2012;140:82–91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Calam R, Jones S, Sanders MR, Dempsey R, Sadhnani V. Parenting and the emotional and behavioural adjustment of young children in families with a parent with bipolar disorder. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2012;40:425–37.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carlson GA, Weintraub S. Childhood behavior problems and bipolar disorder: relationship or coincidence? J Affect Disord. 1993;28(3):143–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0327(93)90100-X.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chang KD, Blasey C, Ketter TA, Steiner H. Family environment of children and adolescents with bipolar parents. Bipolar Disord. 2001;3(2):73–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cheng C, Lau HP, Chan MP. Coping flexibility and psychological adjustment to stressful life changes: a meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull. 2014;140(6):1582–607.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cochran M, Niego S. Parenting and social networks. In: Bornstein MH, editor. Handbook of parenting: Social conditions and applied parenting. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2002. pp. 123–48.

Cohen S. Social relationships and health. Am Psychol. 2004;59(8):676–84.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cohen AN, Hammen C, Henry RM, Daley SE. Effects of stress and social support on recurrence in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2004;82(1):143–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Conus P, Macneil C, McGorry PD. Public health significance of bipolar disorder: implications for early intervention and prevention. Bipolar Disord. 2014;16(5):548–56.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Costello EJ, Compton SN, Keeler G, Angold A. Relationships between poverty and psychopathology: a natural experiment. JAMA. 2003;290(15):2023–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duffy A, Horrocks J, Milin R, Doucette S, Persson G, Grof P. Adolescent substance use disorder during the early stages of bipolar disorder: a prospective high-risk study. J Affect Disord. 2012;142(1–3):57–64.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duffy A, Horrocks J, Doucette S, Keown-Stoneman C, McCloskey S, Grof P. The developmental trajectory of bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2014;204(2):122–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duffy A, Goodday S, Keown-Stoneman C, Grof P. The Emergent Course of Bipolar Disorder: observations over two decades from the Canadian high-risk offspring cohort. Am J Psychiatry. 2019;176(9):720–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eidelman P, Gershon A, Kaplan K, McGlinchey E, Harvey AG. Social support and social strain in inter-episode bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2012;14(6):628–40.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ellenbogen MA, Hodgins S. (2004). The impact of high neuroticism in parents on children’s psychosocial functioning in a population at high risk for major affective disorder: a family–environmental pathway of intergenerational risk. Dev Psychopathol, 16(01).

Ellenbogen MA, Hodgins S. Structure provided by parents in middle childhood predicts cortisol reactivity in adolescence among the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder and controls. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009;34(5):773–85.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ellenbogen MA, Hodgins S, Walker CD, Couture S, Adam S. Daytime cortisol and stress reactivity in the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2006;31(10):1164–80.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ellenbogen MA, Santo JB, Linnen AM, Walker CD, Hodgins S. High cortisol levels in the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder during two weeks of daily sampling. Bipolar Disord. 2010;12(1):77–86.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ellenbogen MA, Linnen AM, Santo JB, aan, het Rot M, Hodgins S, Young SN. (2013). Salivary cortisol and interpersonal functioning: an event-contingent recording study in the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38(7), 997–1006.

Endler NS, Parker JDA. Assessment of multidimensional coping: Task, emotion, and avoidance strategies. Psychol Assess. 1994;6(1):50–60.

Article  Google Scholar 

Espinosa A, Rudenstine S. The contribution of financial well-being, social support, and trait emotional intelligence on psychological distress. Br J Clin Psychol. 2020;59(2):224–40.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW. Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I disorders, research version, non-patient edition (SCID-I/NP). New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research; 2002.

Google Scholar 

Fletcher K, Parker GB, Manicavasagar V. Coping profiles in bipolar disorder. Compr Psychiatr. 2013;54(8):1177–84.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gariépy G, Honkaniemi H, Quesnel-Vallée A. Social support and protection from depression: systematic review of current findings in western countries. Br J Psychiatry. 2016;209(4):284–93.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gottlieb BH, Bergen AE. Social support concepts and measures. J Psychosom Res. 2010;69(5):511–20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Graham P, Rutter M. The reliability and validity of the Psychiatric Assessment of the child: II. Interview with the parent. Br J Psychiatry. 1968;114(510):581–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grande I, Berk M, Birmaher B, Vieta E. Bipolar disorder. Lancet. 2016;387(10027):1561–72.

Article  PubMed