Koga S, Sekiya H, Kondru N, Ross OA, Dickson DW. Neuropathology and molecular diagnosis of Synucleinopathies. Mol Neurodegener [Internet]. 2021 Dec 1 [cited 2022 Dec 22];16(1):83.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-021-00501-z.

Ubhi K, Low P, Masliah E. Multiple system atrophy: a clinical and neuropathological perspective. Trends Neurosci [Internet]. 2011;34(11):581–90.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wüllner U, Borghammer P, Choe C un, Csoti I, Falkenburger B, Gasser T et al. The heterogeneity of Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm [Internet]. 2023;130(6):827–38.

Fung TC, Olson CA, Hsiao EY. Interactions between the microbiota, immune and nervous systems in health and disease. Nat Neurosci. 2017;20(2):145–55.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jurcau A, Andronie-Cioara FL, Nistor-Cseppento DC, Pascalau N, Rus M, Vasca E, et al. The involvement of Neuroinflammation in the Onset and Progression of Parkinson’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24:19.

Article  Google Scholar 

Peelaerts W, Mercado G, George S, Villumsen M, Kasen A, Aguileta M et al. Urinary tract infections trigger synucleinopathy via the innate immune response. Acta Neuropathol [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 May 3];145(5).

Joers V, Tansey MG, Mulas G, Carta AR. Microglial phenotypes in Parkinson’s disease and animal models of the disease. Prog Neurobiol [Internet]. 2017;155(2015):57–75.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Long-Smith CM, Sullivan AM, Nolan YM. The influence of microglia on the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Prog Neurobiol. 2009;89(3):277–87.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sanchez-Guajardo V, Barnum CJ, Tansey MG, Romero-Ramos M. Neuroimmunological processes in Parkinson’s Disease and their relation to α-Synuclein: Microglia as the referee between neuronal processes and peripheral immunity. ASN Neuro [Internet]. 2013;5(2):AN20120066.

Article  Google Scholar 

Harms AS, Yang YT, Tansey MG. Central and peripheral innate and adaptive immunity in Parkinson’s disease. Sci Transl Med [Internet]. 2023 Nov 8 [cited 2023 Nov 23];15(721):eadk3225.

Capelle CM, Ciré S, Hedin F, Hansen M, Pavelka L, Grzyb K, et al. Early-to-mid stage idiopathic Parkinson’s disease shows enhanced cytotoxicity and differentiation in CD8 T-cells in females. Nat Commun [Internet]. 2023;14(1):7461. [cited 2023 Nov 23];.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lauritsen J, Romero-Ramos M. The systemic immune response in Parkinson’s disease: focus on the peripheral immune component. Trends Neurosci. 2023;46(10):863–78.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Woulfe J, Hoogendoorn H, Tarnopolsky M, Muñoz DG. Monoclonal antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus cross-react with α-synuclein in human brain. Neurology. 2000;55(9):1398–401.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Woulfe JM, Gray MT, Gray DA, Munoz DG, Middeldorp JM. Hypothesis: a role for EBV-induced molecular mimicry in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord [Internet]. 2014;20(7):685–94.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sulzer D, Alcalay RN, Garretti F, Cote L, Kanter E, Agin-Liebes J, et al. T cells from patients with Parkinson’s disease recognize α-synuclein peptides. Nat [Internet]. 2017;546(7660):656–61.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

de Fàbregues O, Sellés M, Ramos-Vicente D, Roch G, Vila M, Bové J. Relevance of tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells in the onset of Parkinson’s disease and examination of its possible etiologies: infectious or autoimmune? Neurobiol Dis. 2023;187(September).

Gate D, Tapp E, Leventhal O, Shahid M, Nonninger TJ, Yang AC, et al. CD4 + T cells contribute to Neurodegeneration in Lewy Body Dementia. Sci (1979). 2021;374:868–74.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Shadrin AA, Mucha S, Ellinghaus D, Makarious MB, Blauwendraat C, Sreelatha AAK, et al. Shared Genetics of multiple system atrophy and inflammatory bowel disease. Mov Disord. 2021;36(2):449–59.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Conway KS, Camelo-Piragua S, Fisher-Hubbard A, Perry WR, Shakkottai VG, Venneti S. Multiple system atrophy pathology is associated with primary Sjögren’s syndrome. JCI Insight. 2020;5(15):1–13.

Article  Google Scholar 

Rydbirk R, Østergaard O, Folke J, Hempel C, DellaValle B, Andresen TL, et al. Brain proteome profiling implicates the complement and coagulation cascade in multiple system atrophy brain pathology. Cell Mol Life Sci [Internet]. 2022;79(6):336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-022-04378-z.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ge Q, Gu X, Yu W, Zhang G, Liang W, Li M et al. Antinuclear antibodies in healthy population: Positive association with abnormal tissue metabolism, inflammation and immune dysfunction. Int Immunopharmacol [Internet]. 2022;113(PA):109292.

Irure-Ventura J, López-Hoyos M. The past, Present, and future in antinuclear antibodies (ANA). Diagnostics. 2022;12(3).

Agmon-Levin N, Damoiseaux J, Kallenberg C, Sack U, Witte T, Herold M et al. International recommendations for the assessment of autoantibodies to cellular antigens referred to as anti-nuclear antibodies. Ann Rheum Dis [Internet]. 2014 Jan 1 [cited 2023 Nov 24];73(1):17–23.

Dei Zotti F, Moriconi C, Qiu A, Miller A, Hudson KE. Distinct CD4 + T cell signature in ANA-positive young adult patients. Front Immunol. 2022;13(October):1–11.

Google Scholar 

Lin L, Hang H, Zhang J, Lu J, Chen D, Shi J. Clinical significance of anti-SSA/Ro antibody in Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorders. Mult Scler Relat Disord [Internet]. 2022;58(2022):103494.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dalitis S, Filippidou N, Krashias G, Christodoulou C, Pantzaris M, Lambrianides A. The possible role of an autoimmune mechanism in the etiopathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. J Clin Neurosci [Internet]. 2018;54(2018):63–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marchese M, Cowan D, Head E, Ma D, Karimi K, Ashthorpe V, et al. Autoimmune manifestations in the 3xtg-ad model of alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimer’s Disease. 2014;39(1):191–210.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Postuma RB, Berg D, Stern M, Poewe W, Olanow CW, Oertel W, et al. MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2015;30(12):1591–601.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McKeith IG, Boeve BF, Dickson DW, Halliday G, Taylor JP, Weintraub D, et al. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology. 2017;89(1):88–100.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gilman S, Wenning FG, Low P, Brooks FD, Mathias FC, Trojanowski FJ et al. Second consensus statement on the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy Background: A consensus conference on multiple system atrophy (MSA) in 1998 established. Neurology. 2008;71:670–6.

Damoiseaux J, Andrade LEC, Carballo OG, Conrad K, Francescantonio PLC, Fritzler MJ, et al. Clinical relevance of HEp-2 indirect immunofluorescent patterns: the International Consensus on ANA patterns (ICAP) perspective. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78(7):879–89.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Conrad K, Röber N, Andrade LEC, Mahler M. The clinical relevance of Anti-DFS70 autoantibodies. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2017;52(2):202–16.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Folke J, Rydbirk R, Løkkegaard A, Salvesen L, Hejl AM, Starhof C et al. Distinct autoimmune anti-α-synuclein antibody patterns in multiple system atrophy and parkinson’s disease. Front Immunol. 2019;10(SEP).

Benkler M, Agmon-Levin N, Hassin-Baer S, Cohen OS, Ortega-Hernandez OD, Levy A, et al. Immunology, autoimmunity, and autoantibodies in parkinson’s disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol [Internet]. 2012;42(2):164–71. Apr 14 [cited 2023 Nov 24];.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garretti F, Agalliu D, Arlehamn CSL, Sette A, Sulzer D. Autoimmmunity in parkinson’s disease: the role of α:-synuclein-specific T cells. Front Immunol. 2019;10(FEB):1–12.

Google Scholar 

Bonam SR, Muller S. Parkinson’s disease is an autoimmune disease: a reappraisal. Autoimmun Rev [Internet]. 2020;19(12):102684.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Prüss H. Autoantibodies in neurological disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2021;21(12):798–813.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Selmi C, Barin JG, Rose NR. Current trends in autoimmunity and the nervous system. J Autoimmun [Internet]. 2016;75(2016):20–9.

Kocurova G, Ricny J, Ovsepian SV. Autoantibodies targeting neuronal proteins as biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases. Theranostics. 2022;12(7):3045–56.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Folke J, Rydbirk R, Løkkegaard A, Hejl AM, Winge K, Starhof C, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma distribution of anti-α-synuclein IgMs and IgGs in multiple system atrophy and Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2021;87(April):98–104.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Agmon-Levin N, Damoiseaux J, Kallenberg C, Sack U, Witte T, Herold M et al. International recommendations for the assessment of autoantibodies to cellular antigens referred to as anti-nuclear antibodies. Ann Rheum Dis [Internet]. 2014 Jan 1 [cited 2024 Apr 26];73(1):17–23.

Pashnina IA, Krivolapova IM, Fedotkina TV, Ryabkova VA, Chereshneva MV, Churilov LP, et al. Antinuclear autoantibodies in health: autoimmunity is not a synonym of autoimmune disease. Antibodies. 2021;10(1):1–26.

Article  Google Scholar 

Folke J, Rydbirk R, Løkkegaard A, Salvesen L, Hejl AM, Starhof C, et al. Distinct autoimmune Anti-α-Synuclein antibody patterns in multiple system atrophy and Parkinson’s Disease. Front Immunol [Internet]. 2019;10:2253. [cited 2024 Jan 22];.