Walker GJA, Gunasekera P. Pelvic organ prolapse and incontinence in developing countries: review of prevalence and risk factors. Int Urogynecol J. 2011;22(2):127–35.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Verbeek M, Hayward L. Pelvic floor dysfunction and its effect on quality of sexual life. Sex Med Rev. 2019;7(4):559–64.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Islam RM, Oldroyd J, Rana J, Romero L, Karim MN. Prevalence of symptomatic pelvic floor disorders in community-dwelling women in low and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urogynecol J. 2019;30(12):2001–11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Islam RM, Oldroyd J, Karim MN, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence of, and risk factors for, pelvic floor disorders in community-dwelling women in low and middle-income countries: a protocol study. BMJ Open. 2017;7(6):e015626.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wu JM, Vaughan CP, Goode PS, et al. Prevalence and trends of symptomatic pelvic floor disorders in U.S. women. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;123(1):141–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen CCG, Avondstondt AM, Khatry SK, et al. Prevalence of symptomatic urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse among women in rural Nepal. Int Urogynecol J. 2020;31(9):1851–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gurung G, Rana A, Amatya A, Bista KD, Joshi AB, Sayami J. Pelvic organ prolapse in rural Nepalese women of reproductive age groups: what makes it so common? Nepal J Obstet Gynaecol. 1970;2(2):35–41.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bodner-Adler B, Shrivastava C, Bodner K. Risk factors for uterine prolapse in Nepal. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2007;1(18):1343–6.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lien YS, Chen GD, Ng SC. Prevalence of and risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse and lower urinary tract symptoms among women in rural Nepal. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012;119(2):185–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

National Medical Standard for Reproductive Health [Internet]. Government of Nepal; 2003. Available from: https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/national_medical_standard-_final.pdf. Accessed 31 Jul 2023.

Chen C, Barry D, Khatry SK, et al. Validation of an obstetric fistula screening questionnaire in rural Nepal: a community-based cross-sectional and nested case-control study with clinical examination. BJOG. 2017;124(6):955–64.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sandvik H, Hunskaar S, Vanvik A, Bratt H, Seim A, Hermstad R. Diagnostic classification of female urinary incontinence: an epidemiological survey corrected for validity. J Clin Epidemiol. 1995;48(3):339–43.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barber MD, Neubauer NL, Klein-Olarte V. Can we screen for pelvic organ prolapse without a physical examination in epidemiologic studies? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195(4):942–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brink CA, Wells TJ, Sampselle CM, Taillie ER, Mayer R. A digital test for pelvic muscle strength in women with urinary incontinence. Nurs Res. 1994;43(6):352–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hundley AF, Wu JM, Visco AG. A comparison of perineometer to Brink score for assessment of pelvic floor muscle strength. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192(5):1583–91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang K, Xu X, Jia G, Jiang H. Risk factors for postpartum stress urinary incontinence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Sci. 2020;27(12):2129–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Waetjen LE, Liao S, Johnson WO, et al. Factors associated with prevalent and incident urinary incontinence in a cohort of midlife women: a longitudinal analysis of data: study of women’s health across the nation. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165(3):309–18.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Delancey JOL, Kane Low L, Miller JM, Patel DA, Tumbarello JA. Graphic integration of causal factors of pelvic floor disorders: an integrated life span model. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;199(6):610.e1–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bonner GF. Upper gastrointestinal evaluation related to the pelvic floor. In Davila GW, Ghoniem GM, Wexner SD, editors. Pelvic floor dysfunction. London: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84800-348-4_11. 2008.

Saadia Z. Effect of age, educational status, parity and BMI on development of urinary incontinence—a cross sectional study in Saudi population. Mater Sociomed. 2015;27(4):251–4.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ghafouri A, Alnaimi AR, Alhothi HM, et al. Urinary incontinence in Qatar: a study of the prevalence, risk factors and impact on quality of life. Arab J Urol. 2014;12(4):269–74.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cohn JA, Shah AS, Goggins KM, et al. Health literacy, cognition and urinary incontinence among geriatric inpatients discharged to skilled nursing facilities. Neurourol Urodyn. 2018;37(2):854–60.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee JA, Johns TS, Melamed ML, et al. Associations between socioeconomic status and urge urinary incontinence: an analysis of NHANES 2005 to 2016. J Urol. 2020;203(2):379–84.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sudore RL, Schillinger D. Interventions to improve care for patients with limited health literacy. J Clin Outcomes Manag. 2009;16(1):20–9.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang B, Chen Y, Zhu X, et al. Global burden and trends of pelvic organ prolapse associated with aging women: an observational trend study from 1990 to 2019. Front Public Health. 2022;15(10):975829.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bonetti TR, Erpelding A, Pathak LR. Listening to “felt needs”: investigating genital prolapse in western Nepal. Reprod Health Matters. 2004;12(23):166–75.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vergeldt TFM, Weemhoff M, IntHout J, Kluivers KB. Risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse and its recurrence: a systematic review. Int Urogynecol J. 2015;26(11):1559–73.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Berger MB, Doumouchtsis SK, DeLancey JO. Are bony pelvis dimensions associated with levator ani defects? A case–control study. Int Urogynecol J. 2013;24(8):1377–83.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sze EHM, Kohli N, Miklos JR, Roat T, Karram MM. Computed tomography comparison of bony pelvis dimensions between women with and without genital prolapse. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;93(2):229–32.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stein TA, Kaur G, Summers A, Larson KA, Delancey JOL. Comparison of bony dimensions at the level of the pelvic floor in women with and without pelvic organ prolapse. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200(3):241.e1–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar