Evers AWM, Colloca L, Blease C, Annoni M, Atlas LY, Benedetti F, et al. Implications of placebo and nocebo effects for clinical practice: Expert Consensus. Psychother Psychosom. 2018;87:204–10.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McQueen D, Cohen S, John-Smith PS, Rampes H. Rethinking placebo in psychiatry: the range of placebo effects. Adv Psychiatr Treat. 2013;19:162–70.

Article  Google Scholar 

Beecher HK. The powerful placebo. J Am Med Assoc. 1955;159:1602–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harris I. When the placebo effect is not an effect. Acta Orthop. 2021;92:501–2.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Landin R, DeBrota DJ, DeVries TA, Potter WZ, Demitrack MA. The impact of Restrictive Entry Criterion during the placebo lead-in period. Biometrics. 2000;56:271–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jones BDM, Razza LB, Weissman CR, Karbi J, Vine T, Mulsant LS, et al. Magnitude of the Placebo response across treatment modalities used for treatment-resistant depression in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4:e2125531.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Miller FG, Rosenstein DL. The nature and power of the placebo effect. J Clin Epidemiol. 2006;59:331–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ashar YK, Chang LJ, Wager TD. Brain mechanisms of the Placebo effect: an affective appraisal account. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2017;13:73–98.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ernst E, Resch KL. Concept of true and perceived placebo effects. BMJ. 1995;311:551–3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

De La Fuente-Fernandez R. Expectation and Dopamine release: mechanism of the Placebo effect in Parkinson’s disease. Science. 2001;293:1164–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Benedetti F, Carlino E, Pollo A. How Placebos change the patient’s brain. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011;36:339–54.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goebel MU, Trebst AE, Steiner J, Xie YF, Exton MS, Frede S, et al. Behavioral conditioning of immunosuppression is possible in humans. FASEB J. 2002;16:1869–73.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Albring A, Wendt L, Benson S, Witzke O, Kribben A, Engler H, et al. Placebo effects on the immune response in humans: the role of learning and expectation. PloS One. 2012;7:e49477.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lidstone SC, Schulzer M, Dinelle K, Mak E, Sossi V, Ruth TJ, et al. Effects of expectation on placebo-induced Dopamine release in Parkinson disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67:857–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Amanzio M, Benedetti F. Neuropharmacological dissection of placebo analgesia: expectation-activated opioid systems versus conditioning-activated specific subsystems. J Neurosci. 1999;19:484–94.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Amanzio M, Pollo A, Maggi G, Benedetti F. Response variability to analgesics: a role for non-specific activation of endogenous opioids. Pain. 2001;90:205–15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huneke NTM, Aslan IH, Fagan H, Phillips N, Tanna R, Cortese S, et al. Functional neuroimaging correlates of placebo response in patients with depressive or anxiety disorders: A systematic review. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2022;25:433–47.

Vase L, Riley JL, Price DD. A comparison of placebo effects in clinical analgesic trials versus studies of placebo analgesia. Pain. 2002;99:443–52.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Solmi M, Croatto G, Piva G, Rosson S, Fusar-Poli P, Rubio JM, et al. Efficacy and acceptability of psychosocial interventions in schizophrenia: systematic overview and quality appraisal of the meta-analytic evidence. Mol Psychiatry. 2023;28:354–68.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Monteleone AM, Pellegrino F, Croatto G, Carfagno M, Hilbert A, Treasure J, et al. Treatment of eating disorders: A systematic meta-review of meta-analyses and network meta-analyses. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022;142:104857.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rosson S, de Filippis R, Croatto G, Collantoni E, Pallottino S, Guinart D, et al. Brain stimulation and other biological non-pharmacological interventions in mental disorders: An umbrella review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022;139:104743.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Correll CU, Cortese S, Croatto G, Monaco F, Krinitski D, Arrondo G, et al. Efficacy and acceptability of pharmacological, psychosocial, and brain stimulation interventions in children and adolescents with mental disorders: an umbrella review. World Psychiatry. 2021;20:244–75.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gaynes BN, Warden D, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, Fava M, Rush AJ. What did STAR*D teach us? Results from a large-scale, practical, clinical trial for patients with depression. Psychiatr Serv. 2009;60:1439–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stone MB, Yaseen ZS, Miller BJ, Richardville K, Kalaria SN, Kirsch I. Response to acute monotherapy for major depressive disorder in randomized, placebo controlled trials submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration: individual participant data analysis. BMJ. 2022;378:e067606.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hendriks SM, Spijker J, Licht CMM, Hardeveld F, de Graaf R, Batelaan NM, et al. Long-term disability in anxiety disorders. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16:248.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dragioti E, Solmi M, Favaro A, Fusar-Poli P, Dazzan P, Thompson T, et al. Association of antidepressant use with adverse health outcomes: a systematic umbrella review. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76:1241–55.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Croatto G, Vancampfort D, Miola A, Olivola M, Fiedorowicz JG, Firth J, et al. The impact of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions on physical health outcomes in people with mood disorders across the lifespan: An umbrella review of the evidence from randomised controlled trials. Mol Psychiatry. 2023;28:369–90.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Papola D, Ostuzzi G, Gastaldon C, Morgano GP, Dragioti E, Carvalho AF, et al. Antipsychotic use and risk of life-threatening medical events: umbrella review of observational studies. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2019;140:227–43.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Linden M. How to define, find and classify side effects in psychotherapy: from unwanted events to adverse treatment reactions. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2013;20:286–96.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reynolds GP, Kirk SL. Metabolic side effects of antipsychotic drug treatment – pharmacological mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther. 2010;125:169–79.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cuijpers P, Karyotaki E, Weitz E, Andersson G, Hollon SD, van Straten A. The effects of psychotherapies for major depression in adults on remission, recovery and improvement: A meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2014;159:118–26.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bloom DE, Cafiero E, Jané-Llopis E, Abrahams-Gessel S, Bloom LR, Fathima S, et al. The global economic burden of noncommunicable diseases. PGDA Work Pap. (2012).

Vos T, Lim SS, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abbasi M, Abbasifard M, et al. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396:1204–22.

Article  Google Scholar 

Whiteford HA, Degenhardt L, Rehm J, Baxter AJ, Ferrari AJ, Erskine HE, et al. Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The Lancet. 2013;382:1575–86.