Maas AIR, Menon DK, Manley GT, Abrams M, Åkerlund C, Andelic N, et al. Traumatic brain injury: progress and challenges in prevention, clinical care, and research. Lancet Neurol. 2022;21:1004–60.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD. Long-term consequences of traumatic brain injury: current status of potential mechanisms of injury and neurological outcomes. J Neurotrauma. 2015;32:1834–48.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Taccone FS, Manoel ALDO, Robba C, Vincent J-L. Use a “GHOST-CAP” in acute brain injury. Crit Care. 2020;24:89.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Volpi PC, Robba C, Rota M, Vargiolu A, Citerio G. Trajectories of early secondary insults correlate to outcomes of traumatic brain injury: results from a large, single centre, observational study. BMC Emerg Medicine. 2018;18:52.

Article  Google Scholar 

Litofsky NS, Martin S, Diaz J, Ge B, Petroski G, Miller DC, et al. The negative impact of anemia in outcome from traumatic brain injury. World Neurosurg. 2016;90:82–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lelubre C, Bouzat P, Crippa IA, Taccone FS. Anemia management after acute brain injury. Crit Care. 2016;20:152.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Griesdale DE, Sekhon MS, Menon DK, Lavinio A, Donnelly J, Robba C, et al. Hemoglobin area and time index above 90 g/L are associated with improved 6-month functional outcomes in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care. 2015;23:78–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carr KR, Rodriguez M, Ottesen A, Michalek J, Son C, Patel V, et al. Association between relative anemia and early functional recovery after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Neurocrit Care. 2016;25:185–92.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Robertson CS, Hannay HJ, Yamal J-M, Gopinath S, Goodman JC, Tilley BC, et al. Effect of erythropoietin and transfusion threshold on neurological recovery after traumatic brain injury: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312:36–47.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Leal-Noval SR, Muñoz-Serrano Á, Arellano-Orden V, Cayuela A, Muñoz-Gómez M, Recio A, et al. Effects of red blood cell transfusion on long-term disability of patients with traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care. 2016;24:371–80.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Steyerberg EW, Wiegers E, Sewalt C, Buki A, Citerio G, Keyser VD, et al. Case-mix, care pathways, and outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury in CENTER-TBI: a European prospective, multicentre, longitudinal, cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18:923–34.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maas AIR, Menon DK, Steyerberg EW, Citerio G, Lecky F, Manley GT, et al. Collaborative European neurotrauma effectiveness research in traumatic brain injury (CENTER-TBI): a prospective longitudinal observational study. Neurosurgery. 2015;76:67–80.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wilson JTL, Pettigrew LEL, Teasdale GM. Structured interviews for the Glasgow outcome scale and the extended Glasgow outcome scale: guidelines for their use. J Neurotraum. 1998;15:573–85.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Doiron D, Marcon Y, Fortier I, Burton P, Ferretti V. Software application profile: opal and mica: open-source software solutions for epidemiological data management, harmonization and dissemination. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46:1372–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Marshall LF, Marshall SB, Klauber MR, Clark MVB, Eisenberg H, Jane JA, et al. The diagnosis of head injury requires a classification based on computed axial tomography. J Neurotrauma. 1992;9(Suppl 1):S287–92.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Greenspan L, McLellan BA, Greig H. Abbreviated injury scale and injury severity score. J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care. 1985;25:60–4.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zuercher P, Groen JL, Aries MJH, Steyerberg EW, Maas AIR, Ercole A, et al. Reliability and validity of the therapy intensity level scale: analysis of clinimetric properties of a novel approach to assess management of intracranial pressure in traumatic brain injury. J Neurotraum. 2016;33:1768–74.

Article  Google Scholar 

McIntyre LA, Fergusson DA, Hutchison JS, Pagliarello G, Marshall JC, Yetisir E, et al. Effect of a liberal versus restrictive transfusion strategy on mortality in patients with moderate to severe head injury. Neurocrit Care. 2006;5:4–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vlaar AP, Oczkowski S, de Bruin S, Wijnberge M, Antonelli M, Aubron C, et al. Transfusion strategies in non-bleeding critically ill adults: a clinical practice guideline from the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intens Care Med. 2020;46:673–96.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gobatto ALN, Link MA, Solla DJ, Bassi E, Tierno PF, Paiva W, et al. Transfusion requirements after head trauma: a randomized feasibility controlled trial. Crit Care. 2019;23:89.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Carlson AP, Schermer CR, Lu SW. Retrospective evaluation of anemia and transfusion in traumatic brain injury. J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care. 2006;61:567–71.

Article  Google Scholar 

Vanhala H, Junttila E, Kataja A, Huhtala H, Luostarinen T, Luoto T. Incidence and associated factors of anemia in patients with acute moderate and severe traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care. 2022;37:629–37.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Turgeon AF, Fergusson DA, Clayton L, Patton M-P, Zarychanski R, English S, et al. Haemoglobin transfusion threshold in traumatic brain injury optimisation (HEMOTION): a multicentre, randomised, clinical trial protocol. BMJ Open. 2022;12:e067117.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Montgomery EY, Barrie U, Kenfack YJ, Edukugho D, Caruso JP, Rail B, et al. Transfusion guidelines in traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the currently available evidence. Neurotrauma Rep. 2022;3:554–68.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Metivier F, Marchais SJ, Guerin AP, Pannier B, London GM. Pathophysiology of anaemia: focus on the heart and blood vessels. Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2000;15:14–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mozos I. Mechanisms linking red blood cell disorders and cardiovascular diseases. BioMed Res Int. 2015;2015:682054.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ramaekers VTh, Casaer P, Daniels H, Marchal G. The influence of blood transfusion on brain blood flow autoregulation among stable preterm infants. Early Hum Dev. 1992;30:211–20.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cannon JW. Hemorrhagic shock. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:370–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Writing Committee for the REMAP-CAP Investigators; Higgins AM, Berry LR, Lorenzi E, Murthy S, McQuilten Z, Mouncey PR et al. Long-term (180-Day) outcomes in critically ill patients with COVID-19 in the REMAP-CAP randomized clinical trial. Jama. 2023;329:39–51.

Salim A, Hadjizacharia P, DuBose J, Brown C, Inaba K, Chan L, et al. Role of anemia in traumatic brain injury. J Am Coll Surgeons. 2008;207:398–406.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sekhon MS, McLean N, Henderson WR, Chittock DR, Griesdale DE. Association of hemoglobin concentration and mortality in critically ill patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Crit Care. 2012;16:R128.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Elterman J, Brasel K, Brown S, Bulger E, Christenson J, Kerby JD, et al. Transfusion of red blood cells in patients with a prehospital Glasgow Coma Scale score of 8 or less and no evidence of shock is associated with worse outcomes. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;75:8–14.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boutin A, Chassé M, Shemilt M, Lauzier F, Moore L, Zarychanski R, et al. Red blood cell transfusion in patients with traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transfus Med Rev. 2016;30:15–24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Raasveld SJ, de Bruin S, Reuland MC, van den Oord C, Schenk J, Aubron C, et al. Red blood cell transfusion in the intensive care unit. JAMA. 2023;330:1852–61.

Article  CAS  PubMed