The Current Role of Valproic Acid in the Treatment of Epilepsy: A Glimpse into the Present of an Old Ally

Ngugi AK, Bottomley C, Kleinschmidt I, Sander JW, Newton CR. Estimation of the burden of active and life-time epilepsy: A meta-analytic approach. Epilepsia. 2010;51(5):883–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02481.x.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Espinosa-Jovel C, Toledano R, Aledo-Serrano Á, García-Morales I, Gil-Nagel A. Epidemiological profile of epilepsy in low income populations. Seizure. 2018;56:67–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2018.02.002.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen Z, Brodie MJ, Liew D, Kwan P. Treatment Outcomes in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Epilepsy Treated With Established and New Antiepileptic Drugs. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75(3):279. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.3949.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Espinosa-Jovel CA, Sobrino-Mejía FE. Drug resistant epilepsy. Clinical and neurobiological concepts. Rev Neurol. 2015;61(4):159–66.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Demarest S, Brooks-Kayal A. Precision Treatments in Epilepsy. Neurotherapeutics. 2021;18(3):1429–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-021-01147-x.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• de Castro CA, Nascimento FA, Beltran-Corbellini Á, et al. Levetiracetam, from broad-spectrum use to precision prescription: A narrative review and expert opinion. Seizure: European Journal of Epilepsy. 2023;107:121–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2023.03.017. In this article it is highlighted the importance of implementing precision prescription in the treatment of epilepsy, using the broad spectrum antiseizure medications available.

Article  Google Scholar 

•• Johannessen Landmark C, Eyal S, Burns ML, Franco V, Johannessen SI. Pharmacological aspects of antiseizure medications: From basic mechanisms to clinical considerations of drug interactions and use of therapeutic drug monitoring. Epileptic Disord. 2023;25(4):454–71. https://doi.org/10.1002/epd2.20069. This review focuses on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, drug interactions with antiseizure medications (ASMs) and with concomitant medications, and appropriate monitoring of ASM serum levels. Basic principles in pharmacology, pharmacokinetic variability, and clinically relevant approaches to manage drug interactions are discussed.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Romoli M, Mazzocchetti P, D’Alonzo R, et al. Valproic Acid and Epilepsy: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Evidences. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2019;17(10):926–46. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X17666181227165722.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Delage C, Palayer M, Etain B, et al. Valproate, divalproex, valpromide: Are the differences in indications justified? Biomed Pharmacother. 2023;158:114051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114051. This article emphasizes on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the different available presentations of valproic acid and its implications in clinical outcomes in the treatment of epilepsy and psychiatric diseases.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Henry TR. The history of valproate in clinical neuroscience. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2003;37(Suppl 2):5–16.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sommerville KW, Dutta S, Biton V, Zhang Y, Cloyd JC, Uthman B. Bioavailability of a Divalproex Extended-Release Formulation versus???the???Conventional Divalproex Formulation in Adult Patients Receiving Enzyme-Inducing Antiepileptic Drugs. Clin Drug Investig. 2003;23(10):661–70. https://doi.org/10.2165/00044011-200323100-00005.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dutta S, Reed RC. Divalproex to Divalproex Extended Release Conversion. Clin Drug Investig. 2004;24(9):495–508. https://doi.org/10.2165/00044011-200424090-00001.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pierre-Louis SJC, Brannegan RT, Evans AT. Seizure control and side-effect profile after switching adult epileptic patients from standard to extended-release divalproex sodium. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2009;111(5):437–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2008.12.009.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Zhang CQ, Li HY, Wan Y, et al. Efficacy, Safety, and Retention Rate of Extended-Release Divalproex Versus Conventional Delayed-Release Divalproex: A Meta-Analysis of Controlled Clinical Trials. Front Pharmacol. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.811017. This article concludes that the extended release and delayed forms of valproic acid confer a benefit in terms of compliance and safety, what makes it a suitable choice for manteinance treatment of chronic illnesses.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pellock JM, Smith MC, Cloyd JC, Uthman B, Wilder BJ. Extended-release formulations: simplifying strategies in the management of antiepileptic drug therapy. Epilepsy Behav. 2004;5(3):301–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.01.009.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cramer JA, Glassman M, Rienzi V. The relationship between poor medication compliance and seizures. Epilepsy Behav. 2002;3(4):338–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1525-5050(02)00037-9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Terman SW, Kerr WT, Aubert CE, Hill CE, Marcum ZA, Burke JF. Adherence to Antiseizure vs Other Medications Among US Medicare Beneficiaries With and Without Epilepsy. Neurology. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000013119. This was a retrospective cohort study using Medicare that compared adherence to antiseizure medications (ASMs) vs non-ASMs among individuals with epilepsy- This study evaluated the degree to which variation in adherence is due to differences between individuals vs between medication classes among individuals with epilepsy.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Faught E, Duh MS, Weiner JR, Guérin A, Cunnington MC. Nonadherence to antiepileptic drugs and increased mortality. Neurology. 2008;71(20):1572–8. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000319693.10338.b9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leppik IE, Hovinga CA. Extended-release antiepileptic drugs: A comparison of pharmacokinetic parameters relative to original immediate-release formulations. Epilepsia. 2013;54(1):28–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.12043.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Malek N, Heath CA, Greene J. A review of medication adherence in people with epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand. 2017;135(5):507–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/ane.12703.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zarate CA, Tohen M, Narendran R, et al. The Adverse Effect Profile and Efficacy of Divalproex Sodium Compared With Valproic Acid. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60(4):232–6. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v60n0405.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rinnerthaler M, Luef G, Mueller J, et al. Computerized Tremor Analysis of Valproate-induced Tremor: A Comparative Study of Controlled-release versus Conventional Valproate. Epilepsia. 2005;46(2):320–3. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0013-9580.2005.36204.x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ghodke-Puranik Y, Thorn CF, Lamba JK, et al. Valproic acid pathway. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2013;23(4):236–41. https://doi.org/10.1097/FPC.0b013e32835ea0b2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Marson AG, Graeme JS. The Treatment of Epilepsy, 4th ed. In Shorvon S, Perucca E, Engel J Jr (eds.). John Wiley & Sons; 2015.

Kanner AM, Frey M. Adding valproate to lamotrigine: A study of their pharmacokinetic interaction. Neurology. 2000;55(4):588–91. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.55.4.588.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ueda Y, Willmore LJ. Molecular regulation of glutamate and GABA transporter proteins by valproic acid in rat hippocampus during epileptogenesis. Exp Brain Res. 2000;133(3):334–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002210000443.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Göttlicher M. Valproic acid: an old drug newly discovered as inhibitor of histone deacetylases. Ann Hematol. 2004;83(Suppl 1):S91–2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-004-0850-2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gurvich N, Tsygankova OM, Meinkoth JL, Klein PS. Histone Deacetylase Is a Target of Valproic Acid-Mediated Cellular Differentiation. Cancer Res. 2004;64(3):1079–86. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-0799.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Perucca P, Gilliam FG. Adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11(9):792–802. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70153-9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dalens B, Raynaud EJ, Gaulme J. Teratogenicity of valproic acid. J Pediatr. 1980;97(2):332–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(80)80517-8.

留言 (0)

沒有登入
gif