Escobar-Morreale HF (2018) Polycystic ovary syndrome: definition, aetiology, diagnosis and treatment. Nat Rev Endocrinol. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2018.24

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Azziz R, Carmina E, Chen Z et al (2016) Polycystic ovary syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Prim. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2016.57

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sirmans SM, Pate KA (2013) Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Epidemiol. https://doi.org/10.2147/clep.s37559

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lo JC, Feigenbaum SL, Yang J, Pressman AR, Selby JV, Go AS (2006) Epidemiology and adverse cardiovascular risk profile of diagnosed polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-2430

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wild RA, Carmina E, Diamanti-Kandarakis E et al (2010) Assessment of cardiovascular risk and prevention of cardiovascular disease in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome: a consensus statement by the androgen excess and polycystic ovary syndrome (AE-PCOS) society. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-2724

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stein IF, Leventhal ML (1935) Amenorrhea associated with bilateral polycystic ovaries. Am J Obstet Gynecol. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9378(15)30642-6

Article  Google Scholar 

Lizneva D, Suturina L, Walker W, Brakta S, Gavrilova-Jordan L, Azziz R (2016) Criteria, prevalence, and phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 106(1):6–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.05.003

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sen A, Kushnir VA, Barad DH, Gleicher N (2014) Endocrine autoimmune diseases and female infertility. Nat Rev Endocrinol 10(1):37–50. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2013.212

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kaltsas GA, Korbonits M, Isidori AM et al (2000) How common are polycystic ovaries and the polycystic ovarian syndrome in women with Cushing’s syndrome? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 53(4):493–500. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2000.01117.x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moro F, De Simone C, Morciano A et al (2013) Psoriatic patients have an increased risk of polycystic ovary syndrome: results of a cross-sectional analysis. Fertil Steril 99(3):936–942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.10.040

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jacobson DL, Gange SJ, Rose NR, Graham NMH (1997) Epidemiology and estimated population burden of selected autoimmune diseases in the United States. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 84(3):223–243. https://doi.org/10.1006/clin.1997.4412

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vanderpump MPJ, Tunbrldge WMG, French JM et al (1995) The incidence of thyroid disorders in the community: a twenty-year follow-up of the Whickham Survey. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 43(1):55–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1995.tb01894.x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McGrogan A, Seaman HE, Wright JW, de Vries CS (2008) The incidence of autoimmune thyroid disease: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 69(5):687–696. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03338.x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huang R, Zheng J, Li S, Tao T, Liu W (2014) Subclinical hypothyroidism in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: distribution and its association with lipid profiles. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 177:52–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.04.013

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hatch R, Rosenfield RL, Kim MH, Tredway D (1981) Hirsutism: implications, etiology, and management. Am J Obstet Gynecol. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(81)90746-8

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Doshi A, Zaheer A, Stiller MJ (1997) A comparison of current acne grading systems and proposal of a novel system. Int J Dermatol 36(6):416–418. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.1997.00099.x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Piraccini BM, Alessandrini A (2014) Androgenetic alopecia. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 149(1):15–24 (PMID: 24566563)

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group (2004) Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 81(1):19–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.10.004

Article  Google Scholar 

Moro F, Scavello I, Maseroli E et al (2023) The physiological sonographic features of the ovary in healthy subjects: a joint systematic review and meta-analysis by the Italian Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics (SIGO) and the Italian Society of Endocrinology (SIE). J Endocrinol Invest 46(3):439–456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-022-01939-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carmina E, Dewailly D, Escobar-Morreale HF et al (2017) Non-classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency revisited: an update with a special focus on adolescent and adult women. Hum Reprod Updat. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmx014

Article  Google Scholar 

Nieman LK, Biller BMK, Findling JW et al (2008) The diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-0125

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Azziz R, Carmina E, Dewailly D et al (2006) Criteria for defining polycystic ovary syndrome as a predominantly hyperandrogenic syndrome: an androgen excess society guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(11):4237–4245. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-0178

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Robinson S, Rodin DA, Deacon A, Wheeler MJ, Clayton RN (1992) Which hormone tests for the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome? BJOG. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1992.tb14505.x

Article  Google Scholar 

Falcetta P, Benelli E, Molinaro A et al (2021) Effect of aging on clinical features and metabolic complications of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 44(12):2725–2733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-021-01594-5

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Norman RJ, Dewailly D, Legro RS, Hickey TE (2007) Polycystic ovary syndrome. Lancet 370(9588):685–697. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61345-2

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Qu J, Li B, Qiu M et al (2022) Discovery of immune-related diagnostic biomarkers and construction of diagnostic model in varies polycystic ovary syndrome. Arch Gynecol Obstet. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-022-06686-y

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Van Gelderen CJ, Gomes dos Santos ML (1993) Polycystic ovarian syndrome. Evidence for an autoimmune mechanism in some cases. J Reprod Med 38(5):381–386

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Romitti M, Fabris VC, Ziegelmann PK, Maia AL, Spritzer PM (2018) Association between PCOS and autoimmune thyroid disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocr Connect 7(11):1158–1167. https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-18-0309

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arduc A, Aycicek Dogan B, Bilmez S et al (2015) High prevalence of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: does the imbalance between estradiol and progesterone play a role? Endocr Res 40(4):204–210. https://doi.org/10.3109/07435800.2015.1015730

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Janssen O, Mehlmauer N, Hahn S, Offner A, Gartner R (2004) High prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1500363

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garelli S, Masiero S, Plebani M et al (2013) High prevalence of chronic thyroiditis in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 169(2):248–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.03.003

Article  CAS