American Diabetes Association, Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 32(1), S62–S67 (2009)

J.H. Bae, K.D. Han, S.H. Ko, Y.S. Yang, J.H. Choi, K.M. Choi, H.S. Kwon, K.C. Won, Diabetes Fact Sheet in Korea 2021. Diab. Metab. J. 46(3), 417–426 (2022)

Article  Google Scholar 

S.H. Oh, H. Ku, K.S. Park, Prevalence and socioeconomic burden of diabetes mellitus in South Korean adults: a population-based study using administrative data. BMC Public Health 21(1), 548 (2021)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

N.A. ElSayed, G. Aleppo, V.R. Aroda, R.R. Bannuru, F.M. Brown, D. Bruemmer, B.S. Collins, M.E. Hilliard, D. Isaacs, E.L. Johnson, S. Kahan, K. Khunti, J. Leon, S.K. Lyons, M.L. Perry, P. Prahalad, R.E. Pratley, J.J. Seley, R.C. Stanton, R.A. Gabbay; A. on behalf of the American Diabetes, 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2023. Diab. Care 46(1), S19–s40 (2023)

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

R. Jagannathan, J.S. Neves, B. Dorcely, S.T. Chung, K. Tamura, M. Rhee, M. Bergman, The Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: 100 Years Later. Diab. Metab. Syndr. Obes. 13, 3787–3805 (2020)

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

S. Yoo, J. Jung, H. Kim, K.Y. Kim, S.K. Kim, J. Jung, J.R. Hahm, J.H. Baek, Predictive Performance of Glycated Hemoglobin for Incident Diabetes Compared with Glucose Tolerance Test According to Central Obesity. Endocrinol. Metab. 35(4), 873–881 (2020)

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

P.A. Heidenreich, J.G. Trogdon, O.A. Khavjou, J. Butler, K. Dracup, M.D. Ezekowitz, E.A. Finkelstein, Y. Hong, S.C. Johnston, A. Khera, D.M. Lloyd-Jones, S.A. Nelson, G. Nichol, D. Orenstein, P.W. Wilson, Y.J. Woo, Forecasting the future of cardiovascular disease in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 123(8), 933–944 (2011)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Y. Thewjitcharoen, A. Jones Elizabeth, S. Butadej, S. Nakasatien, P. Chotwanvirat, E. Wanothayaroj, S. Krittiyawong, T. Himathongkam, T. Himathongkam, Performance of HbA1c versus oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) as a screening tool to diagnose dysglycemic status in high-risk Thai patients. BMC Endocr. Disord. 19(1), 23 (2019)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Y. Hu, W. Liu, Y. Chen, M. Zhang, L. Wang, H. Zhou, P. Wu, X. Teng, Y. Dong, J. Zhou, H. Xu, J. Zheng, S. Li, T. Tao, Y. Hu, Y. Jia, Combined use of fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin A1c in the screening of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. Acta Diabetol. 47(3), 231–236 (2010)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

C.X. Ma, X.N. Ma, C.H. Guan, Y.D. Li, D. Mauricio, S.B. Fu, Cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus: progress toward personalized management. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 21(1), 74 (2022)

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

G.A. Roth, G.A. Mensah, C.O. Johnson, G. Addolorato, E. Ammirati, L.M. Baddour, N.C. Barengo, A.Z. Beaton, E.J. Benjamin, C.P. Benziger, A. Bonny, M. Brauer, M. Brodmann, T.J. Cahill, J. Carapetis, A.L. Catapano, S.S. Chugh, L.T. Cooper, J. Coresh, M. Criqui, N. DeCleene, K.A. Eagle, S. Emmons-Bell, V.L. Feigin, J. Fernández-Solà, G. Fowkes, E. Gakidou, S.M. Grundy, F.J. He, G. Howard, F. Hu, L. Inker, G. Karthikeyan, N. Kassebaum, W. Koroshetz, C. Lavie, D. Lloyd-Jones, H.S. Lu, A. Mirijello, A.M. Temesgen, A. Mokdad, A.E. Moran, P. Muntner, J. Narula, B. Neal, M. Ntsekhe, G. Moraes de Oliveira, C. Otto, M. Owolabi, M. Pratt, S. Rajagopalan, M. Reitsma, A.L.P. Ribeiro, N. Rigotti, A. Rodgers, C. Sable, S. Shakil, K. Sliwa-Hahnle, B. Stark, J. Sundström, P. Timpel, I.M. Tleyjeh, M. Valgimigli, T. Vos, P.K. Whelton, M. Yacoub, L. Zuhlke, C. Murray, V. Fuster, Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 76(25), 2982–3021 (2020)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

B. Shahim, D. De Bacquer, G. De Backer, V. Gyberg, K. Kotseva, L. Mellbin, O. Schnell, J. Tuomilehto, D. Wood, L. Rydén, The Prognostic Value of Fasting Plasma Glucose, Two-Hour Postload Glucose, and HbA(1c) in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: A Report From EUROASPIRE IV: A Survey From the European Society of Cardiology. Diab. Care 40(9), 1233–1240 (2017)

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

K. Matz, J. Tuomilehto, Y. Teuschl, A. Dachenhausen, M. Brainin, Comparison of oral glucose tolerance test and HbA1c in detection of disorders of glucose metabolism in patients with acute stroke. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 19(1), 204 (2020)

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

DECODE Study Group, the European Diabetes Epidemiology Group, Glucose tolerance and cardiovascular mortality: comparison of fasting and 2-hour diagnostic criteria. Arch. Intern. Med. 161(3), 397–405 (2001)

T. Nakagami, Hyperglycaemia and mortality from all causes and from cardiovascular disease in five populations of Asian origin. Diabetologia 47(3), 385–394 (2004)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

M.J. Hare, D.J. Magliano, P.Z. Zimmet, S. Söderberg, N. Joonas, V. Pauvaday, J. Larhubarbe, J. Tuomilehto, S. Kowlessur, K.G. Alberti, J.E. Shaw, Glucose-independent ethnic differences in HbA1c in people without known diabetes. Diab. Care 36(6), 1534–1540 (2013)

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

W.H. Herman, R.M. Cohen, Racial and ethnic differences in the relationship between HbA1c and blood glucose: implications for the diagnosis of diabetes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97(4), 1067–1072 (2012)

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Q. Qiao, G. Hu, J. Tuomilehto, T. Nakagami, B. Balkau, K. Borch-Johnsen, A. Ramachandran, V. Mohan, S.R. Iyer, M. Tominaga, Y. Kiyohara, I. Kato, K. Okubo, M. Nagai, S. Shibazaki, Z. Yang, Z. Tong, Q. Fan, B. Wang, S.K. Chew, B.Y. Tan, D. Heng, S. Emmanuel, N. Tajima, Y. Iwamoto, C. Snehalatha, V. Vijay, A. Kapur, Y. Dong, H. Nan, W. Gao, H. Shi, F. Fu, Age- and sex-specific prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation in 11 Asian cohorts. Diab. Care 26(6), 1770–1780 (2003)

Article  Google Scholar 

Q. Qiao, T. Nakagami, J. Tuomilehto, K. Borch-Johnsen, B. Balkau, Y. Iwamoto, N. Tajima, Comparison of the fasting and the 2-h glucose criteria for diabetes in different Asian cohorts. Diabetologia 43(12), 1470–1475 (2000)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Y. Kim, B.G. Han, Cohort Profile: The Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) Consortium. Int J. Epidemiol. 46(4), 1350 (2017)

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

B.E. Ainsworth, W.L. Haskell, A.S. Leon, D.R. Jacobs Jr, H.J. Montoye, J.F. Sallis, R.S. Paffenbarger Jr, Compendium of physical activities: classification of energy costs of human physical activities. Med Sci. Sports Exerc 25(1), 71–80 (1993)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

B. Williams, G. Mancia, W. Spiering, E. Agabiti Rosei, M. Azizi, M. Burnier, D.L. Clement, A. Coca, G. de Simone, A. Dominiczak, T. Kahan, F. Mahfoud, J. Redon, L. Ruilope, A. Zanchetti, M. Kerins, S.E. Kjeldsen, R. Kreutz, S. Laurent, G.Y.H. Lip, R. McManus, K. Narkiewicz, F. Ruschitzka, R.E. Schmieder, E. Shlyakhto, C. Tsioufis, V. Aboyans, I. Desormais, 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension. J. Hypertens. 36(10), 1953–2041 (2018)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

S.M. Grundy, J.I. Cleeman, S.R. Daniels, K.A. Donato, R.H. Eckel, B.A. Franklin, D.J. Gordon, R.M. Krauss, P.J. Savage, S.C. Smith Jr, J.A. Spertus, F. Costa, Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome. An American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Executive summary. Cardiol. Rev. 13(6), 322–327 (2005)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

R.K. Simmons, S. Sharp, S.M. Boekholdt, L.A. Sargeant, K.T. Khaw, N.J. Wareham, S.J. Griffin, Evaluation of the Framingham risk score in the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer-Norfolk cohort: does adding glycated hemoglobin improve the prediction of coronary heart disease events? Arch. Intern. Med. 168(11), 1209–1216 (2008)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

S. Selvarajah, G. Kaur, J. Haniff, K.C. Cheong, T.G. Hiong, Y. van der Graaf, M.L. Bots, Comparison of the Framingham Risk Score, SCORE and WHO/ISH cardiovascular risk prediction models in an Asian population. Int J. Cardiol. 176(1), 211–218 (2014)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

R.B. D’Agostino Sr, R.S. Vasan, M.J. Pencina, P.A. Wolf, M. Cobain, J.M. Massaro, W.B. Kannel, General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 117(6), 743–753 (2008)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Y.C. Chia, S.Y. Gray, S.M. Ching, H.M. Lim, K. Chinna, Validation of the Framingham general cardiovascular risk score in a multiethnic Asian population: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open 5(5), e007324 (2015)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

J.Y. Lee, K. Kim, S. Lee, W.J. An, S.K. Park, Clinical traits and systemic risks of familial diabetes mellitus according to age of onset and quantity: an analysis of data from the community-based KoGES cohort study. Epidemiol. Health 45, e2023029 (2023)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

J.H. Lee, H.S. Lee, S. Jeon, Y.J. Lee, B. Park, J.H. Lee, Y.J. Kwon, Association between experience of insulin resistance and long-term cardiovascular disease risk: findings from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KOGES). Endocrine https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-023-03615-0 (2023)

D.L. Kim, S.D. Kim, S.K. Kim, S. Park, K.H. Song, Is an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Still Valid for Diagnosing Diabetes Mellitus? Diab. Metab. J. 40(2), 118–128 (2016)

Article  Google Scholar 

J.R. Singleton, A.G. Smith, J.W. Russell, E.L. Feldman, Microvascular complications of impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes 52(12), 2867–2873 (2003)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

J.B. Meigs, D.M. Nathan, R.B. D’Agostino Sr, P.W. Wilson, Fasting and postchallenge glycemia and cardiovascular disease risk: the Framingham Offspring Study. Diab. Care 25(10), 1845–1850 (2002)

Article  Google Scholar 

J.S. Skyler, G.L. Bakris, E. Bonifacio, T. Darsow, R.H. Eckel, L. Groop, P.H. Groop, Y. Handelsman, R.A. Insel, C. Mathieu, A.T. McElvaine, J.P. Palmer, A. Pugliese, D.A. Schatz, J.M. Sosenko, J.P. Wilding, R.E. Ratner, Differentiation of Diabetes by Pathophysiology, Natural History, and Prognosis. Diabetes 66(2), 241–255 (2017)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

M.A. Abdul-Ghani, D. Tripathy, R.A. DeFronzo, Contributions of beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance to the pathogenesis of impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose. Diab. Care 29(5), 1130–1139 (2006)

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

M. Hyvärinen, Q. Qiao, J. Tuomilehto, T. Laatikainen, R.J. Heine, C.D. Stehouwer, K.G. Alberti, K. Pyörälä, B. Zethelius, B. Stegmayr, Hyperglycemia and stroke mortality: comparison between fasting and 2-h glucose criteria. Diab. Care 32(2), 348–354 (2009)

Article  Google Scholar 

R.A. DeFronzo, E. Ferrannini, D.C. Simonson, Fasting hyperglycemia in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: contributions of excessive hepatic glucose production and impaired tissue glucose uptake. Metabolism