Chen J. Novel statistics predict the COVID-19 pandemic could terminate in 2022. J Med Virol. 2022;94(6):2845–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.27661.

Article  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization: WHO. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). World Health Organization: WHO. 2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19). Accessed 15 Aug 2023.

Budd J, Miller BS, Manning EM, et al. Digital technologies in the public-health response to COVID-19. Nat Med. 2020;26(8):1183–92. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-1011-4.

Article  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Contact tracing. https://www.who.int/. 2021. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-contact-tracing. Accessed 22 Aug 2023.

Mazza C, Girardi D, Gentile L, Gaeta M, Signorelli C, Odone A. Public health effectiveness of digital contact tracing in the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review of available data. Acta Biomedica Atenei Parmensis. 2021;92(S6):e2021439–e2021439. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v92iS6.12237.

Article  Google Scholar 

Golinelli D, Boetto E, Carullo G, Nuzzolese AG, Landini MP, Fantini MP. Adoption of Digital Technologies in Health Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Systematic Review of Early Scientific Literature. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(11): e22280. https://doi.org/10.2196/22280.

Article  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization: WHO. Tracking COVID-19: Contact Tracing in the Digital Age. World Health Organization: WHO. 2020. https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/tracking-covid-19-contact-tracing-in-the-digital-age. Accessed 16 Mar 2024.

PAHO. Contact Tracing Knowledge Hub. Pan American Health Organization. https://www.paho.org/en/contact-tracing-knowledge-hub. Accessed 16 Mar 2024.

CDC. CDC - Mining Project - Mobile Applications for Digital Contact Tracing - NIOSH. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/researchprogram/projects/project_digitalcontacttracing.html. Accessed 18 Mar 2024.

Bode M, Craven M, Leopoldseder M, Rutten P, Wilson M. Molly Bode. McKinsey & Company. 2020. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-sector/our-insights/contact-tracing-for-covid-19-new-considerations-for-its-practical-application. Accessed 20 Oct 2023.

Akpan GU, Bello IM, Touray K, et al. Leveraging Polio Geographic Information System Platforms in the African Region for Mitigating COVID-19 Contact Tracing and Surveillance Challenges: Viewpoint (Preprint). JMIR Publications Inc. 2020. https://doi.org/10.2196/preprints.22544. Accessed 20 Oct 2023.

Danquah LO, Hasham N, MacFarlane M, et al. Use of a mobile application for Ebola contact tracing and monitoring in northern Sierra Leone: a proof-of-concept study. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4354-z.

Tom-Aba D, E. Toikkanen S, Glöckner S, et al. User Evaluation Indicates High Quality of the Surveillance Outbreak Response Management and Analysis System (SORMAS) After Field Deployment in Nigeria in 2015 and 2018. In: German Medical Data Sciences: A Learning Healthcare System: Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the German Association of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (Gmds e.V.) 2018 in Osnabrück, Germany – GMDS 2018. IOS Press; 2018:233–237. https://ebooks.iospress.nl/publication/50064. Accessed 28 Oct 2023.

Kang M, Song T, Zhong H, et al. Contact Tracing for Imported Case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, China, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22(9):1644–6. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2209.152116.

Article  Google Scholar 

Park YS, Lee C, Kim KM, et al. The first case of the 2015 Korean Middle East Respiratory Syndrome outbreak. Epidemiology and Health. 2015;37(e2015049): e2015049. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2015049.

Article  Google Scholar 

Grill E, Eitze S, De Bock F, et al. Sociodemographic characteristics determine download and use of a Corona contact tracing app in Germany—Results of the COSMO surveys. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(9): e0256660. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256660.

Article  Google Scholar 

Min-Allah N, Alahmed BA, Albreek EM, et al. A survey of COVID-19 contact-tracing apps. Comput Biol Med. 2021;137(October 2021, 104787):104787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104787.

Article  Google Scholar 

O’Callaghan ME, Abbas M, Buckley J, et al. Public opinion of the Irish “COVID Tracker” digital contact tracing App: A national survey. Digit Health. 2022;8. https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076221085065.

Seto E, Challa P, Ware P. Adoption of COVID-19 Contact Tracing Apps: A Balance Between Privacy and Effectiveness. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23(3): e25726. https://doi.org/10.2196/25726.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mandil A, Mabry R, Milani B, Nour M, Afifi M, Abdel-Ghani K. Mapping of health innovations in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Eastern Mediterranean and selected Arab Countries. East Mediterr Health J. 2022;28(2):130–43. https://doi.org/10.26719/emhj.22.028.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mbunge E. Integrating emerging technologies into COVID-19 contact tracing: Opportunities, challenges and pitfalls. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(6):1631–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.08.029.

Article  Google Scholar 

Min-Allah N, Alahmed BA, Albreek EM, et al. A survey of COVID-19 contact-tracing apps. Comput Biol Med. 2021;137: 104787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104787.

Article  Google Scholar 

Müller A, Cau A, Muhammed S, et al. Digital mHealth and Virtual Care Use During COVID-19 in 4 Countries: Rapid Landscape Review. JMIR Formative Research. 2022;6(11): e26041. https://doi.org/10.2196/26041.

Article  Google Scholar 

Liu M, Zhou S, Jin Q, Nishimura S, Ogihara A. Effectiveness, Policy, and User Acceptance of COVID-19 Contact-Tracing Apps in the Post–COVID-19 Pandemic Era: Experience and Comparative Study. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2022;8(10): e40233. https://doi.org/10.2196/40233.

Article  Google Scholar 

Akpan GU, Bello IM, Touray K, et al. Leveraging Polio Geographic Information System Platforms in the African Region for Mitigating COVID-19 Contact Tracing and Surveillance Challenges: Viewpoint. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2022;10(3): e22544. https://doi.org/10.2196/22544.

Article  Google Scholar 

Fan Y, Wang Z, Deng S, Lv H, Wang F. The function and quality of individual epidemic prevention and control apps during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review of Chinese apps. Int J Med Informatics. 2022;160: 104694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2022.104694.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hogan K, Macedo B, Macha V, Barman A, Jiang X. Contact Tracing Apps: Lessons Learned on Privacy, Autonomy, and the Need for Detailed and Thoughtful Implementation (Preprint). JMIR Publications Inc. 2021. https://doi.org/10.2196/preprints.27449. Accessed 24 Aug 2023.

Mahr D, Bloch M. Digital risk distribution and COVID-19: How contact tracing is promoted as a solution to equilibrate public health and economic prosperity during pandemics. DIGITAL HEALTH. 2022;8:205520762210850. https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076221085068.

Article  Google Scholar 

Panchal M, Singh S, Rodriguez-Villegas E. Analysis of the factors affecting the adoption and compliance of the NHS COVID-19 mobile application: a national cross-sectional survey in England. BMJ Open. 2021;11(8): e053395. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053395.

Article  Google Scholar 

Thomas MJ, Lal V, Baby AK, Rabeeh VPM, James A, Raj AK. Can technological advancements help to alleviate COVID-19 pandemic? a review. J Biomed Inform. 2021;117: 103787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2021.103787.

Article  Google Scholar 

John Leon Singh H, Couch D, Yap K. Mobile Health Apps That Help With COVID-19 Management: Scoping Review. JMIR Nursing. 2020;3(1):e20596. https://doi.org/10.2196/20596.

Article  Google Scholar 

Voo TC, Ballantyne A, Ng CJ, et al. Public acceptability of COVID-19 control measures in Singapore, Hong Kong, and Malaysia: A cross-sectional survey. Int J Infect Dis. 2022;120:51–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2022.04.021.

Article  Google Scholar 

Davalbhakta S, Advani S, Kumar S, et al. A Systematic Review of the Smartphone Applications Available for Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID19) and Their Assessment Using the Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.02.20144964. Accessed 24 Aug 2023.

Simmhan Y, Rambha T, Khochare A, et al. GoCoronaGo: Privacy Respecting Contact Tracing for COVID-19 Management. J Indian Inst Sci. 2020;100(4):623–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41745-020-00201-5.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jha V, Bassi A, Arfin S, John O. An overview of mobile applications (apps) to support the coronavirus disease 2019 response in India. Indian J Med Res. 2020;151(5):468. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1200_20.

Article  Google Scholar 

Alanzi T. A Review of Mobile Applications Available in the App and Google Play Stores Used During the COVID-19 Outbreak. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2021;14:45–57. https://doi.org/10.2147/jmdh.s285014.

Article  Google Scholar 

Pandit JA, Radin JM, Quer G, Topol EJ. Smartphone apps in the COVID-19 pandemic. Nat Biotechnol. 2022;40(7):1013–22. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-022-01350-x.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sharma N, Basu S, Sharma P. Sociodemographic determinants of the adoption of a contact tracing application during the COVID-19 epidemic in Delhi, India. Health Policy and Technology. 2021;10(2): 100496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlpt.2021.02.003.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sujarwoto S, Augia T, Dahlan H, Sahputri RAM, Holipah H, Maharani A. COVID-19 mobile health apps: an overview of mobile applications in Indonesia. Front Public Health. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.879695.

Article  Google Scholar 

Vahidi H, Taleai M, Yan W, Shaw R. Digital Citizen Science for Responding to COVID-19 Crisis: Experiences from Iran. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(18):9666. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189666.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ishimaru T, Ibayashi K, Nagata M, et al. Industry and workplace characteristics associated with the Use of a COVID-19 contact tracing app in japan: a nation-wide employee survey. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.01.21254744. Accessed 24 Aug 2023.

Ishimaru T, Ibayashi K, Nagata M, et al. Factors Associated with Acceptance of a Digital Contact Tracing Application for COVID-19 in the Japanese Working-Age Population. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.10.28.21265601. Accessed 24 Aug 2023.

Salathé M, Althaus CL, Anderegg N, et al. Early Evidence of Effectiveness of Digital Contact Tracing for SARS-CoV-2 in Switzerland. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.07.20189274. Accessed 24 Aug 2023.

Al-Kuwari MG, Ali Al Nuaimi A, Semaan S, Gibb JM, AbdulMajeed J, Al Romaihi HE. Effectiveness of Ehteraz digital contact tracing app versus conventional contact tracing in managing the outbreak of COVID-19 in the State of Qatar. BMJ Innovations. 2022;8(4):255–60. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjinnov-2021-000879.

Article  Google Scholar 

Huang Z, Guo H, Lee YM, Ho EC, Ang H, Chow A. Performance of Digital Contact Tracing Tools for COVID-19 Response in Singapore: Cross-Sectional Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2020;8(10): e23148. https://doi.org/10.2196/23148.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lai SHS, Tang CQY, Kurup A, Thevendran G. The experience of contact tracing in Singapore in the control of COVID-19: highlighting the use of digital technology. Int Orthop. 2020;45(1):65–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-020-04646-2.

Article  Google Scholar 

Thomas R, Michaleff ZA, Greenwood H, Abukmail E, Glasziou P. Concerns and Misconceptions About the Australian Government’s COVIDSafe App: Cross-Sectional Survey Study. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2020;6(4): e23081. https://doi.org/10.2196/23081.

Article  Google Scholar 

Vogt F, Haire B, Selvey L, Kaldor J. Effectiveness of Digital Contact Tracing for COVID-19 in New South Wales, Australia. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.11.18.21266558. Accessed 24 Aug 2023.

Chand SS, Chand AA, Chand KK. The use of careFiji app for contact tracing during the COVID-19 pandemic: Digital gap and challenges faced in Fiji. Int J Surg. 2021;92: 106023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2021.106023.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ali ZS, Dang H. Factors impacting the use of the NZ COVID Tracer application in New Zealand". Smart Health. 2022;24: 100278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smhl.2022.100278.

Article  Google Scholar 

Howell BE, Potgieter PH. COVID-19 contact-tracing smartphone application usage—The New Zealand COVID Tracer experience. Telecommunications Policy. 2022;46(8): 102386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2022.102386.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kouliaridis V, Kambourakis G, Chatzoglou E, Geneiatakis D, Wang H. Dissecting contact tracing apps in the Android platform. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(5): e0251867. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251867.

Article  Google Scholar 

Walrave M, Waeterloos C, Ponnet K. Reasons for Nonuse, Discontinuation of Use, and Acceptance of Additional Functionalities of a COVID-19 Contact Tracing App: Cross-Sectional Survey Study (Preprint). JMIR Publications Inc. 2021. https://doi.org/10.2196/preprints.22113. Accessed 24 Aug 2023.

Piotto S, Di Biasi L, Marrafino F, Concilio S. Evaluating Epidemiological Risk by Using Open Contact Tracing Data: Correlational Study (Preprint). JMIR Publications Inc.; 2021. https://doi.org/10.2196/preprints.289