Costello A, Abbas M, Allen A, Ball S, Bell S, Bellamy R, et al. Managing the health effects of climate change: Lancet and University College London Institute for Global Health Commission. Lancet. 2009;373:1693–733.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reidmiller DR, Avery CW, Easterling DR, Kunkel KE, Lewis KLM, Maycock TK, et al. Impacts, risks, and adaptation in the United States: Fourth national climate assessment. Volume 2. NOAA; 2017.

Jacob DJ, Winner DA. Effect of climate change on air quality. Atmos Environ. 2009;43:51–63.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sarofim M, Saha S, Hawkins MD, Mills D, Hess J, Horton R, et al. Ch. 2: Temperature-related death and illness. The impacts of climate change on human health in the United States: a scientific assessment. Washington, DC: U.S. Global Change Research Program; 2016. p. 43–68.

Tuholske C, Caylor K, Funk C, Verdin A, Sweeney S, Grace K, et al. Global urban population exposure to extreme heat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2021;118:e2024792118.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zanobetti A, Schwartz J. Temperature and mortality in nine US cities. Epidemiology. 2008;19:563–70.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lay CR, Sarofim MC, Vodonos Zilberg A, Mills DM, Jones RW, Schwartz J, et al. City-level vulnerability to temperature-related mortality in the USA and future projections: a geographically clustered meta-regression. Lancet Planet Health. 2021;5:e338–e46.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dimitrova A, Ingole V, Basagaña X, Ranzani O, Milà C, Ballester J, et al. Association between ambient temperature and heat waves with mortality in South Asia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Int. 2021;146:106170.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

World Metereological Organization. Heat waves and health: guidance on warning system development. World Metereological Organization; 2015.

Zheng XY, Ding H, Jiang LN, Chen SW, Zheng JP, Qiu M, et al. Association between Air Pollutants and Asthma Emergency Room Visits and Hospital Admissions in Time Series Studies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0138146.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brook RD, Rajagopalan S, Pope CA 3rd, Brook JR, Bhatnagar A, Diez-Roux AV, et al. Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: An update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2010;121:2331–78.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

IHME. State of global air 2020. IHME; 2020.

Cohen AJ, Brauer M, Burnett R, Anderson HR, Frostad J, Estep K, et al. Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015. Lancet. 2017;389:1907–18.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li S, Banerjee T. Spatial and temporal pattern of wildfires in California from 2000 to 2019. Sci Rep. 2021;11:8779.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yang L, Li C, Tang X. The Impact of PM(2.5) on the Host Defense of Respiratory System. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;8:91.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jones CG, Rappold AG, Vargo J, Cascio WE, Kharrazi M, McNally B, et al. Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrests and Wildfire-Related Particulate Matter During 2015-2017 California Wildfires. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9:e014125.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rajagopalan S, Al-Kindi SG, Brook RD. Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:2054–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cheng J, Xu Z, Bambrick H, Prescott V, Wang N, Zhang Y, et al. Cardiorespiratory effects of heatwaves: A systematic review and meta-analysis of global epidemiological evidence. Environ Res. 2019;177:108610.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Son J-Y, Liu JC, Bell ML. Temperature-related mortality: a systematic review and investigation of effect modifiers. Environ Res Lett. 2019;14:073004.

Article  Google Scholar 

Anenberg SC, Haines S, Wang E, Nassikas N, Kinney PL. Synergistic health effects of air pollution, temperature, and pollen exposure: a systematic review of epidemiological evidence. Environ Health. 2020;19:130.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rahman MM, McConnell R, Schlaerth H, Ko J, Silva S, Lurmann FW, et al. The Effects of Co-Exposure to Extremes of Heat and Particulate Air Pollution on Mortality in California: Implications for Climate Change. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022;206:1117–27.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gronlund CJ. Racial and socioeconomic disparities in heat-related health effects and their mechanisms: a review. Curr Epidemiol Rep. 2014;1:165–73.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alcala E, Brown P, Capitman JA, Gonzalez M, Cisneros R. Cumulative Impact of Environmental Pollution and Population Vulnerability on Pediatric Asthma Hospitalizations: A Multilevel Analysis of CalEnviroScreen. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16:2683.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Evans GW, Kantrowitz E. Socioeconomic status and health: the potential role of environmental risk exposure. Annu Rev Public Health. 2002;23:303–31.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morello-Frosch R, Zuk M, Jerrett M, Shamasunder B, Kyle AD. Understanding the cumulative impacts of inequalities in environmental health: implications for policy. Health Aff. 2011;30:879–87.

Article  Google Scholar 

Li M, Gu S, Bi P, Yang J, Liu Q. Heat waves and morbidity: current knowledge and further direction-a comprehensive literature review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12:5256–83.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Solomon GM, Morello-Frosch R, Zeise L, Faust JB. Cumulative Environmental Impacts: Science and Policy to Protect Communities. Annu Rev Public Health. 2016;37:83–96.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferguson L, Taylor J, Davies M, Shrubsole C, Symonds P, Dimitroulopoulou S. Exposure to indoor air pollution across socio-economic groups in high-income countries: A scoping review of the literature and a modelling methodology. Environ Int. 2020;143:105748.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Van Horne YO, Alcala CS, Peltier RE, Quintana PJE, Seto E, Gonzales M, et al. An applied environmental justice framework for exposure science. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2023:33;1–11.

Orru H, Ebi KL, Forsberg B. The Interplay of Climate Change and Air Pollution on Health. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2017;4:504–13.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

IPCC. Climate change 2022: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Cambridge University Press; 2022.

U.S Environemntal Protection Agency. Air Quality System (AQS). 2021. Available from: https://epa.gov/aqs.

Wong DW, Yuan L, Perlin SA. Comparison of spatial interpolation methods for the estimation of air quality data. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 2004;14:404–15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abatzoglou JT. Development of gridded surface meteorological data for ecological applications and modelling. Int J Climatol. 2013;33:121–31.

Article  Google Scholar 

OEHHA. CalEnviroscreen tool 4.0. 2021. https://oehha.ca.gov/calenviroscreen/report/calenviroscreen-40.

Greenfield BK, Rajan J, McKone TE. A multivariate analysis of CalEnviroScreen: comparing environmental and socioeconomic stressors versus chronic disease. Environ Health. 2017;16:131.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vieira VM, Villanueva C, Chang J, Ziogas A, Bristow RE. Impact of community disadvantage and air pollution burden on geographic disparities of ovarian cancer survival in California. Environ Res. 2017;156:388–93.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Robert Graham Center, Social deprivation index (SDI). Robert Graham Center - Policy Studies in Family Medicine & Primary Care. 2018. https://www.graham-center.org/rgc/maps-data-tools/sdi/social-deprivation-index.html.

Maizlish, Delaney T, Dowling H, Chapman DA, Sabo R, Woolf S, et al. California Healthy Places Index: Frames Matter. Public Health Rep. 2019;134:354–62.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Janes H, Sheppard L, Lumley T. Case-crossover analyses of air pollution exposure data: referent selection strategies and their implications for bias. Epidemiology. 2005;16:717–26.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bateson TF, Schwartz J. Selection bias and confounding in case-crossover analyses of environmental time-series data. Epidemiology. 2001;12:654–61.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

RStudio version 4.1.2. RStudio Integrated Development for R. Boston, MA: RStudio; 2022.

Laurent O, Bard D, Filleul L, Segala C. Effect of socioeconomic status on the relationship between atmospheric pollution and mortality. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2007;61:665–75.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xu R, Zhao Q, Coelho MSZS, Saldiva PHN, Abramson MJ, Li S, et al. Socioeconomic level and associations between heat exposure and all-cause and cause-specific hospitalization in 1,814 Brazilian cities: A nationwide case-crossover study. PLOS Med. 2020;17:e1003369.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chan EY, Goggins WB, Kim JJ, Griffiths SM. A study of intracity variation of temperature-related mortality and socioeconomic status among the Chinese population in Hong Kong. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2012;66:322–7.

Article  PubMed